van Beilen Jan B, Poirier Yves
Département de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale, Biophore, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2007 Oct-Dec;27(4):217-31. doi: 10.1080/07388550701775927.
Natural rubber, obtained almost exclusively from the Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), is a unique biopolymer of strategic importance that, in many of its most significant applications, cannot be replaced by synthetic rubber alternatives. Several pressing motives lead to the search for alternative sources of natural rubber. These include increased evidence of allergenic reactions to Hevea rubber, the danger that the fungal pathogen Microcyclus ulei, causative agent of South American Leaf Blight (SALB), might spread to Southeast Asia, which would severely disrupt rubber production, potential shortages of supply due to increasing demand and changes in land use, and a general trend towards the replacement of petroleum-derived chemicals with renewables. Two plant species have received considerable attention as potential alternative sources of natural rubber: the Mexican shrub Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) and the Russian dandelion (Taraxacum koksaghyz). This review will summarize the current production methods and applications of natural rubber (dry rubber and latex), the threats to the production of natural rubber from the rubber tree, and describe the current knowledge of the production of natural rubber from guayule and Russian dandelion.
天然橡胶几乎完全从巴西橡胶树（三叶橡胶树）中获取，它是一种具有战略重要性的独特生物聚合物，在许多最重要的应用中，无法被合成橡胶替代品所取代。有几个迫切的动机促使人们寻找天然橡胶的替代来源。这些动机包括：对三叶橡胶树橡胶过敏反应的证据不断增加；真菌病原体南美叶疫病病原菌南美叶疫病菌可能传播到东南亚，这将严重扰乱橡胶生产；由于需求增加和土地利用变化可能导致的供应短缺；以及用可再生资源替代石油衍生化学品的总体趋势。两种植物作为天然橡胶的潜在替代来源受到了相当多的关注：墨西哥灌木银胶菊（银胶菊）和俄罗斯蒲公英（科克萨格叶蒲公英）。本综述将总结天然橡胶（干胶和乳胶）的当前生产方法和应用、橡胶树天然橡胶生产面临的威胁，并描述目前关于银胶菊和俄罗斯蒲公英生产天然橡胶的知识。
