Satava Richard M
Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center Seattle, 1959 Pacific Street NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
World J Surg. 2008 Feb;32(2):141-8. doi: 10.1007/s00268-007-9374-y.
Although simulation is relatively new to surgical education, there is a long history in many other disciplines, such as military, aviation, and nuclear power plant operations, among others. In the late 1980s these technologies began to be adapted to the surgical world, along with the new technology of virtual reality. This is a review of the introduction of manikins, computers, and virtual reality into education and training for surgical skills. Two concomitant revolutions occurred: objective assessment of surgical skills and converting training from the apprenticeship model to one of criterion-based training. A personal perspective on these developments adds information not previously published.
尽管模拟技术在外科手术教育领域相对较新，但在许多其他学科中却有着悠久的历史，比如军事、航空和核电站运营等。20世纪80年代末，这些技术开始与虚拟现实新技术一起被应用于外科领域。本文回顾了人体模型、计算机和虚拟现实技术在外科手术技能教育与培训中的引入情况。同时发生了两场变革：对外科手术技能的客观评估，以及将培训模式从学徒制转变为基于标准的培训模式。从个人角度对这些发展情况进行阐述，补充了此前未发表的信息。
