Tirella L G, Chan W, Cermak S A, Litvinova A, Salas K C, Miller L C
International Adoption Clinic, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
Child Care Health Dev. 2008 Jan;34(1):77-86. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00766.x.
We investigated time use of Russian children residing in Baby Homes to document their opportunities and experiences during institutional care.
Time use of 138 non-special needs, randomly selected children (65 female vs. 73 male, age 1 month to 4 years) in Baby Homes in Murmansk, Russia, was analysed. Baby Home specialists were trained in time-use spot observation methodology. Each child was observed every 10 min for 5 h (31 observations/child; >4000 data points). At each observation, we coded: who the child was with, adult role, what the child was doing, location and vocalizations.
Children spent 50% of their time alone, 27% with a caregiver, 15% with another adult, and 7% with another child. Infants spent significantly more time alone (65%) than toddlers (43%) or pre-schoolers (46%) [F(2,133) = 13.05, P < 0.0001]. Caregivers supervised children (58%), led group activities (16%), cared for individuals (14%), or were absent from the room (12%). Children spent the most time (32%) in activities of daily living; remaining time was spent in meaningful play (27%), non-purposeful activity (16%) or sleep (18%). The percentage of time spent in meaningful play significantly increased across age groups [infants 10%, toddlers 25%, pre-schoolers 36%, F(2,133) = 26.9, P < 0.001]. Infants (23%) and toddlers (20%) spent significantly more time than the older group (10%) in non-purposeful activity [F(2,133) = 26.9, P < 0.001]. In 12% of observations, an adult was speaking to the child, in 10% to the group, and <1% to another adult. Child vocalizations varied by age: infants 42% of observations, toddlers 56%, and pre-schoolers 59%. Older children directed more vocalizations to adults than younger children [F(2,133) = 24.47, P < 0.001].
Time use of children residing in Baby Homes is limited by routinized schedules and care, at the expense of child-directed or interactive play with adults. Despite close proximity and living in group care, children's vocalizations and interactions with others are limited.
我们调查了居住在婴儿之家的俄罗斯儿童的时间利用情况，以记录他们在机构照料期间的机会和经历。
对俄罗斯摩尔曼斯克婴儿之家中138名非特殊需求的随机选取儿童（65名女性，73名男性，年龄1个月至4岁）的时间利用情况进行了分析。婴儿之家的专业人员接受了时间利用现场观察方法的培训。每隔10分钟对每个儿童进行一次观察，共观察5小时（每个儿童31次观察；超过4000个数据点）。每次观察时，我们对以下内容进行编码：儿童与谁在一起、成人角色、儿童在做什么、地点和发声情况。
儿童50%的时间是独自度过；27%的时间与一名照料者在一起；15%的时间与另一名成人在一起；7%的时间与另一名儿童在一起。婴儿独自度过的时间（65%）明显多于幼儿（43%）或学龄前儿童（）[F(2,133) = 13.05，P < 0.0001]。照料者对儿童进行监督（58%）、组织集体活动（16%）、照顾个体儿童（14%）或不在房间（12%）。儿童花费最多时间（32%）在日常生活活动上；其余时间用于有意义的玩耍（27%）、无目的活动（16%）或睡觉（18%）。各年龄组有意义玩耍时间的百分比显著增加[婴儿10%，幼儿25%，学龄前儿童36%，F(2,133) = 26.9，P < 0.001]。婴儿（23%）和幼儿（2）在无目的活动上花费的时间明显多于年龄较大的儿童组（10%）[F(2,133) = 26.9，P < 0.001]。在12%的观察中，有一名成人与儿童交谈，10%与集体交谈，与另一名成人交谈的比例<1%。儿童发声情况因年龄而异：婴儿在42%的观察中有发声，幼儿为56%，学龄前儿童为59%。年龄较大的儿童比年龄较小的儿童向成人发出的声音更多[F(2,133) = 24.47，P < 0.001]。
居住在婴儿之家中的儿童的时间利用受到常规日程安排和照料的限制，这是以儿童主导的或与成人的互动玩耍为代价的。尽管距离很近且生活在集体照料环境中，但儿童的发声和与他人的互动仍然有限。
