Light adaptation in salamander L-cone photoreceptors.

The responses of individual salamander L-cones to light steps of moderate intensity (bleaching 0.3-3% of the total photopigment) and duration (between 5 and 90 s) were recorded using suction electrodes. Light initially suppressed the circulating current, which partially recovered or "sagged" over several seconds. The sensitivity of the cone to dim flashes decreased rapidly after light onset and approached a minimum within 500 ms. Background light did not affect the rising phase of the dim flash response, a measure of the initial gain of phototransduction. When the light was extinguished, the circulating current transiently exceeded or "overshot" its level in darkness. During the overshoot, the sensitivity of the cone required several seconds to recover. The sag and overshoot remained in voltage-clamped cones. Comparison with theory suggests that three mechanisms cause the sag, overshoot, and slow recovery of sensitivity after the light step: a gradual increase in the rate of inactivation of the phototransduction cascade during the light step, residual activity of the transduction cascade after the step is extinguished, and an increase in guanylate cyclase activity during the light step that persists after the light is extinguished.