Bower R, Bell M J, Ternberg J L
J Pediatr Surg. 1976 Jun;11(3):337-46. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3468(76)80187-x.
The records of 207 patients evaluated and treated for breast abnormalities during a 10-yr period were reviewed. Patients ranged in age from 1 wk through 16 yr. Seventy-eight per cent were female. Operative procedures were performed in 134 patients (64%). Most common diagnoses were fibroadenoma, premature thelarche, and precocious puberty in the females, and pubertal gynecomastia in the males. Age and sex separate patients into natural subgroups. In females beyond the neonatal period, premature thelarche and precocious puberty are the most likely cause of breast enlargement. Breast biopsy is only rarely indicated for a distinct mass lesion in the prepubertal breast. Mass lesions in the breast of adolescent females require excisional biopsy. In the male, pubertal gynecomastia is the most common form of breast enlargement and only occasionally requires subcutaneous mastectomy for cosmetic and psychologic reasons. Careful evaluation of all children with breast enlargement is indicated to uncover underlying causes and to avoid unnecessary operative procedures.
