Kastelein Ronald A, Heul Sander van der, Verboom Willem C, Jennings Nancy, Veen Jan van der, de Haan Dick
Sea Mammal Research Company, Julianalaan 46, 3843 CC Harderwijk, The Netherlands.
Mar Environ Res. 2008 Jun;65(5):369-77. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.01.001. Epub 2008 Jan 17.
World-wide, underwater background noise levels are increasing due to anthropogenic activities. Little is known about the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine fish, and information is needed to predict any negative effects. Behavioural startle response thresholds were determined for eight marine fish species, held in a large tank, to tones of 0.1-64 kHz. Response threshold levels varied per frequency within and between species. For sea bass, the 50% reaction threshold occurred for signals of 0.1-0.7 kHz, for thicklip mullet 0.4-0.7 kHz, for pout 0.1-0.25 kHz, for horse mackerel 0.1-2 kHz and for Atlantic herring 4 kHz. For cod, pollack and eel, no 50% reaction thresholds were reached. Reaction threshold levels increased from approximately 100 dB (re 1 microPa, rms) at 0.1 kHz to approximately 160 dB at 0.7 kHz. The 50% reaction thresholds did not run parallel to the hearing curves. This shows that fish species react very differently to sound, and that generalisations about the effects of sound on fish should be made with care. As well as on the spectrum and level of anthropogenic sounds, the reactions of fish probably depend on the context (e.g. location, temperature, physiological state, age, body size, and school size).
在全球范围内，由于人类活动，水下背景噪声水平正在上升。关于人为噪声对海洋鱼类的影响，我们所知甚少，因此需要相关信息来预测任何负面影响。在一个大水箱中，测定了八种海洋鱼类对0.1 - 64千赫兹音调的行为惊吓反应阈值。物种内部和物种之间，反应阈值水平随频率变化。对于海鲈，50%反应阈值出现在0.1 - 0.7千赫兹的信号下；对于厚唇鲻，为0.4 - 0.7千赫兹；对于大头鳕，为0.1 - 0.25千赫兹；对于竹荚鱼，为0.1 - 2千赫兹；对于大西洋鲱鱼，为4千赫兹。对于鳕鱼、绿青鳕和鳗鱼，未达到50%反应阈值。反应阈值水平从0.1千赫兹时的约100分贝（相对于1微帕，均方根）增加到0.7千赫兹时的约160分贝。50%反应阈值与听力曲线不平行。这表明不同鱼类对声音的反应差异很大，在对声音对鱼类的影响进行概括时应谨慎。除了人为声音的频谱和水平外，鱼类的反应可能还取决于环境（如位置、温度、生理状态、年龄、体型和鱼群大小）。
