University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2011 Apr;37(4):557-69. doi: 10.1177/0146167211400423.
Research has demonstrated that implicit and explicit evaluations of the same object can diverge. Explanations of such dissociations frequently appeal to dual-process theories, such that implicit evaluations are assumed to reflect object-valence contingencies independent of their perceived validity, whereas explicit evaluations reflect the perceived validity of object-valence contingencies. Although there is evidence supporting these assumptions, it remains unclear if dissociations can arise in situations in which object-valence contingencies are judged to be true or false during the learning of these contingencies. Challenging dual-process accounts that propose a simultaneous operation of two parallel learning mechanisms, results from three experiments showed that the perceived validity of evaluative information about social targets qualified both explicit and implicit evaluations when validity information was available immediately after the encoding of the valence information; however, delaying the presentation of validity information reduced its qualifying impact for implicit, but not explicit, evaluations.
研究表明，对同一对象的内隐和外显评价可能存在差异。对于这种差异的解释通常诉诸于双重加工理论，即内隐评价被认为反映了与对象效价条件无关的独立的对象效价关系，而外显评价则反映了对象效价关系的感知有效性。尽管有证据支持这些假设，但在学习这些条件时，判断对象效价关系是真实的还是虚假的情况下，是否会出现分离仍然不清楚。挑战双重加工理论的假设，即提出两个平行学习机制的同时运作，三个实验的结果表明，当有效性信息在效价信息编码后立即可用时，关于社会目标的评价信息的感知有效性同时影响了外显和内隐评价；然而，延迟呈现有效性信息会降低其对隐含评价的影响，但对外显评价没有影响。
