Cynthia Armendáriz Arnez, Edwards Rufus D, Johnson Michael, Zuk Miriam, Rojas Leonora, Jiménez Rodolfo Díaz, Riojas-Rodriguez Horacio, Masera Omar
Center of Ecosystems Research, Bioenergy, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
Indoor Air. 2008 Apr;18(2):93-105. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00509.x.
The impact of an improved wood burning stove (Patsari) in reducing personal exposures and indoor concentrations of particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and carbon monoxide (CO) was evaluated in 60 homes in a rural community of Michoacan, Mexico. Average PM(2.5) 24-h personal exposure was 0.29 mg/m(3) and mean 48-h kitchen concentration was 1.269 mg/m(3) for participating women using the traditional open fire (fogon). If these concentrations are typical of rural conditions in Mexico, a large fraction of the population is chronically exposed to levels of pollution far higher than ambient concentrations found by the Mexican government to be harmful to human health. Installation of an improved Patsari stove in these homes resulted in 74% reduction in median 48-h PM(2.5) concentrations in kitchens and 35% reduction in median 24-h PM(2.5) personal exposures. Corresponding reductions in CO were 77% and 78% for median 48-h kitchen concentrations and median 24-h personal exposures, respectively. The relationship between reductions in median kitchen concentrations and reductions in median personal exposures not only changed for different pollutants, but also differed between traditional and improved stove type, and by stove adoption category. If these reductions are typical, significant bias in the relationship between reductions in particle concentrations and reductions in health impacts may result, if reductions in kitchen concentrations are used as a proxy for personal exposure reductions when evaluating stove interventions. In addition, personal exposure reductions for CO may not reflect similar reductions for PM(2.5). This implies that PM(2.5) personal exposure measurements should be collected or indoor measurements should be combined with better time-activity estimates, which would more accurately reflect the contributions of indoor concentrations to personal exposures.
Installation of improved cookstoves may result in significant reductions in indoor concentrations of carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)), with concurrent but lower reductions in personal exposures. Significant errors may result if reductions in kitchen concentrations are used as a proxy for personal exposure reductions when evaluating stove interventions in epidemiological investigations. Similarly, time microenvironment activity models in these rural homes do not provide robust estimates of individual exposures due to the large spatial heterogeneity in pollutant concentrations and the lack of resolution of time activity diaries to capture movement through these microenvironments.
在墨西哥米却肯州的一个农村社区的60户家庭中，评估了一种改良型柴炉（Patsari）对减少个人暴露以及室内颗粒物（PM2.5）和一氧化碳（CO）浓度的影响。使用传统明火（fogon）的参与研究的女性，其24小时平均PM2.5个人暴露量为0.29毫克/立方米，厨房48小时平均浓度为1.269毫克/立方米。如果这些浓度代表墨西哥农村的典型情况，那么很大一部分人口长期暴露于远远高于墨西哥政府认定的对人体健康有害的环境浓度的污染水平。在这些家庭中安装改良型Patsari炉灶后，厨房中48小时PM2.5浓度中位数降低了74%，24小时PM2.5个人暴露中位数降低了35%。CO的相应降幅分别为，厨房48小时浓度中位数降低77%，24小时个人暴露中位数降低78%。厨房浓度中位数降低与个人暴露中位数降低之间的关系，不仅因污染物不同而变化，而且在传统炉灶和改良炉灶类型之间以及炉灶采用类别之间也存在差异。如果这些降幅具有代表性，那么在评估炉灶干预措施时，若将厨房浓度降低用作个人暴露降低的替代指标，可能会导致颗粒物浓度降低与健康影响降低之间的关系出现显著偏差。此外，CO的个人暴露降低可能无法反映PM2.5的类似降低情况。这意味着应收集PM2.5个人暴露测量数据，或者应将室内测量与更好的时间 - 活动估计相结合，这样能更准确地反映室内浓度对个人暴露的贡献。
安装改良型炉灶可能会使室内一氧化碳和细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度大幅降低，同时个人暴露也会降低，但降幅较小。在流行病学调查中评估炉灶干预措施时，如果将厨房浓度降低用作个人暴露降低的替代指标，可能会导致重大误差。同样，由于污染物浓度存在较大空间异质性，且时间活动日记缺乏分辨率以捕捉在这些微环境中的移动情况，这些农村家庭中的时间微环境活动模型无法提供可靠的个人暴露估计值。
