Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1681, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1681, USA.
Environ Res. 2010 Jan;110(1):12-8. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.10.008.
Elevated indoor air pollution exposures associated with the burning of biomass fuels in developing countries are well established. Improved cookstoves have the potential to substantially reduce these exposures. However, few studies have quantitatively evaluated exposure reductions associated with the introduction of improved stoves, likely due to the cost and time-intensive nature of such evaluations. Several studies have demonstrated the value of estimating indoor air pollution exposures by evaluating personal cooking practices and household parameters in addition to stove type. We assessed carbon monoxide (n=54) and fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) (n=58) levels among non-smoking Honduran women cooking with traditional or improved wood-burning cookstoves in two communities, one semi-urban and one rural. Exposure concentrations were assessed via 8-h indoor monitoring, as well as 8-h personal PM(2.5) monitoring. Housing characteristics were determined to indicate ventilation that may affect carbon monoxide and PM(2.5). Stove quality was assessed using a four-level subjective scale representing the potential for indoor emissions, ranging from poorly functioning traditional stoves to well-functioning improved stoves. Univariately, the stove scale as compared to stove type (traditional versus improved) accounted for a higher percent of the variation in pollutant concentrations; for example, the stove scale predicted 79% of the variation and the stove type predicted 54% of the variation in indoor carbon monoxide concentrations. In multivariable models, the stove scale, age of the stove, and ventilation factors predicted more than 50% of the variation in personal and indoor PM(2.5) and 85% of the variation in indoor carbon monoxide. Results indicate that using type of stove alone as a proxy for exposure may lead to exposure misclassification and potentially biased exposure and health effects relationships. Utilizing stove quality and housing characteristics that influence ventilation may provide a viable alternative to the more time- and cost-intensive pollutant assessments for larger-scale studies. Designing kitchens with proper ventilation structures could lead to improved indoor environments, especially important in areas where biomass will continue to be the preferred and necessary cooking fuel for some time.
发展中国家与燃烧生物质燃料相关的室内空气污染暴露水平升高已得到充分证实。改进型炉灶具有显著降低这些暴露的潜力。然而，由于此类评估的成本和时间密集性质，很少有研究定量评估引入改进型炉灶后暴露水平的降低。一些研究通过评估个人烹饪习惯和家庭参数（除炉灶类型外），证明了通过评估个人烹饪习惯和家庭参数来估算室内空气污染暴露的价值。我们评估了在两个社区（一个半城市社区和一个农村社区）使用传统或改进型柴火炉烹饪的 54 名不吸烟的洪都拉斯妇女的一氧化碳（n=54）和细颗粒物（PM2.5）（n=58）水平。通过 8 小时室内监测和 8 小时个人 PM2.5监测评估暴露浓度。房屋特征用于表示可能影响一氧化碳和 PM2.5的通风。使用一个四级主观量表评估炉灶质量，代表室内排放的潜力，范围从功能不佳的传统炉灶到功能良好的改进型炉灶。与炉灶类型（传统型与改进型）相比，炉灶量表在污染物浓度变化中所占的比例更高；例如，炉灶量表预测了室内一氧化碳浓度变化的 79%，而炉灶类型则预测了 54%。在多变量模型中，炉灶量表、炉灶年龄和通风因素预测了个人和室内 PM2.5变化的 50%以上，以及室内一氧化碳变化的 85%。结果表明，仅使用炉灶类型作为暴露的替代物可能会导致暴露分类错误，并可能导致暴露和健康影响关系存在偏差。利用影响通风的炉灶质量和房屋特征可能是更耗时和成本密集型的污染物评估的可行替代方案，用于更大规模的研究。设计具有适当通风结构的厨房可以改善室内环境，在一段时间内生物质仍将是某些地区首选和必要的烹饪燃料的情况下，这一点尤为重要。
