Riederer Anne M, Bartell Scott M, Ryan P Barry
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2009 Mar;19(3):248-59. doi: 10.1038/jes.2008.7. Epub 2008 Mar 12.
Volunteer studies suggest that showering/bathing with chlorinated tap water contributes to daily chloroform inhalation exposure for the majority of US adults. We used data from the 1999-2000 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and weighted multiple linear regression to test the hypothesis that personal exposure microevents such as showering or spending time at a swimming pool would be significantly associated with chloroform levels in 2-3 day personal air samples. The NHANES data show that eight of 10 US adults are exposed to detectable levels of chloroform. Median (1.13 microg/m(3)), upper percentile (95th, 12.05 microg/m(3)), and cancer risk estimates were similar to those from recent US regional studies. Significant predictors of log personal air chloroform in our model (R(2)=0.34) included age, chloroform concentrations in home tap water, having no windows open at home during the sampling period, visiting a swimming pool during the sampling period, living in a mobile home/trailer or apartment versus living in a single family (detached) home, and being Non-Hispanic Black versus Non-Hispanic White, although the race/ethnicity estimates appear influenced by several outlying observations. Reported showering activity was not a significant predictor of personal air chloroform, possibly due to the wording of the NHANES shower question. The NHANES measurements likely underestimate true inhalation exposures since subjects did not wear sampling badges while showering or swimming, and because of potential undersampling by the passive monitors. Research is needed to quantify the potential difference.
志愿者研究表明，对于大多数美国成年人来说，用加氯的自来水淋浴/洗澡会导致每日吸入氯仿。我们使用了1999 - 2000年美国国家健康与营养检查调查（NHANES）的数据，并通过加权多元线性回归来检验这样一个假设：诸如淋浴或在游泳池停留等个人暴露微事件会与2 - 3天个人空气样本中的氯仿水平显著相关。NHANES数据显示，十分之八的美国成年人接触到可检测水平的氯仿。中位数（1.13微克/立方米）、上百分位数（第95百分位数，12.05微克/立方米）以及癌症风险估计与美国近期区域研究的结果相似。在我们的模型中（R² = 0.34），个人空气氯仿对数的显著预测因素包括年龄、家庭自来水中的氯仿浓度、采样期间家中窗户未打开、采样期间去过游泳池、居住在移动房屋/拖车或公寓而非独栋房屋，以及非西班牙裔黑人与非西班牙裔白人相比，不过种族/族裔估计似乎受到一些离群观测值的影响。报告的淋浴活动不是个人空气氯仿的显著预测因素，这可能是由于NHANES中淋浴问题的措辞。NHANES的测量可能低估了实际吸入暴露量，因为受试者在淋浴或游泳时未佩戴采样徽章，并且由于被动监测器可能存在采样不足的情况。需要开展研究来量化潜在差异。
