Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, M6075 SPH II, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
Environ Res. 2013 Oct;126:192-203. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.08.005. Epub 2013 Sep 10.
Community and environmental exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been associated with a number of emission sources and activities, e.g., environmental tobacco smoke and pumping gasoline. Such factors have been identified from mostly small studies with relatively limited information regarding influences on VOC levels. This study uses data from the Relationship of Indoor Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA) study to investigate environmental, individual and social determinants of VOC concentrations. RIOPA included outdoor, indoor and personal measurements of 18 VOCs from 310 non-smoking households and adults in three cities and two seasons, and collected a wide range of information pertaining to participants, family members, households, and neighborhoods. Exposure determinants were identified using stepwise regressions and linear mixed-effect models. Most VOC exposure (66 to 78% of the total exposure, depending on VOC) occurred indoors, and outdoor VOC sources accounted for 5 (d-limonene) to 81% (carbon tetrachloride) of the total exposure. Personal exposure and indoor measurements had similar determinants, which depended on the VOC. Gasoline-related VOCs (e.g., benzene, methyl tertiary butyl ether) were associated with city, residences with attached garages, self-pumping of gas, wind speed, and house air exchange rate (AER). Odorant and cleaning-related VOCs (e.g., 1,4-dichlorobenzene and chloroform) also were associated with city and AER, and with house size and family members showering. Dry-cleaning and industry-related VOCs (e.g., tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene) were associated with city, residence water supply type, and dry-cleaner visits. These and other relationships were significant, explained from 10 to 40% of the variation, and are consistent with known emission sources and the literature. Outdoor concentrations had only two common determinants: city and wind speed. Overall, personal exposure was dominated by the home setting, although a large fraction of VOC concentrations were due to outdoor sources. City, personal activities, household characteristics and meteorology were significant determinants.
社区和环境中挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的暴露与许多排放源和活动有关，例如环境烟草烟雾和加油。这些因素主要来自于小规模研究，关于 VOC 水平影响的信息相对有限。本研究使用来自室内外和个人空气关系（RIOPA）研究的数据，调查环境、个人和社会因素对 VOC 浓度的影响。RIOPA 包括来自三个城市和两个季节的 310 个不吸烟家庭和成年人的户外、室内和个人 18 种 VOC 测量值，并收集了与参与者、家庭成员、家庭和社区相关的广泛信息。使用逐步回归和线性混合效应模型确定了暴露决定因素。大多数 VOC 暴露（取决于 VOC，总暴露的 66%至 78%）发生在室内，而室外 VOC 源占总暴露的 5%（柠檬烯）至 81%（四氯化碳）。个人暴露和室内测量具有相似的决定因素，这取决于 VOC。与汽油相关的 VOC（例如苯、甲基叔丁基醚）与城市、带附车库的住宅、自吸汽油、风速和房屋空气交换率（AER）有关。气味和清洁相关的 VOC（例如 1,4-二氯苯和氯仿）也与城市和 AER 有关，与房屋大小和家庭成员洗澡有关。干洗和工业相关的 VOC（例如四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯）与城市、住宅供水类型和干洗店访问有关。这些和其他关系是显著的，解释了 10%至 40%的变化，与已知的排放源和文献一致。室外浓度只有两个共同决定因素：城市和风速。总体而言，个人暴露主要受家庭环境影响，尽管很大一部分 VOC 浓度是由室外来源造成的。城市、个人活动、家庭特征和气象学是重要的决定因素。
