Ream Geoffrey L, Benoit Ellen, Johnson Bruce D, Dunlap Eloise
341 School of Social Work Building, Adelphi University, 1 South Avenue, P.O. Box 701, Garden City, NY 11530, USA.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008 Jun 1;95(3):199-208. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.011. Epub 2008 Mar 12.
User practices/rituals that involve concurrent use of tobacco and marijuana - smoking blunts and "chasing" marijuana with tobacco - are hypothesized to increase cannabis dependence symptoms.
Ethnographers administered group surveys to a diverse, purposive sample of marijuana users who appeared to be 17-35 years old.
New York City, including non-impoverished areas of Manhattan, the transitional area of East Village/Lower East Side, low-income areas of northern Manhattan and South Bronx, and diverse areas of Brooklyn and Queens.
481 marijuana users ages 14-35, 57% male, 43% female; 27% White, 30% Black, 19% Latino, 5% Asian, 20% of other/multiple race.
Among many other topics, group surveys measured cannabis dependence symptoms; frequencies of chasing, blunt smoking, joint/pipe smoking, using marijuana while alone, and general tobacco use; and demographic factors.
Blunt smoking and chasing marijuana with tobacco were each uniquely associated with five of the seven cannabis dependence symptoms. Across symptoms, predicted odds were 2.4-4.1 times greater for participants who smoked blunts on all 30 of the past 30 days than for participants who did not smoke blunts in the past 30 days. Significant increases in odds over the whole range of the five-point chasing frequency measure (from never to always) ranged from 3.4 times to 5.1 times.
Using tobacco with marijuana - smoking blunts and "chasing" marijuana with tobacco - contributes to cannabis dependence symptoms. Treatment for cannabis dependence may be more effective it addresses the issue of concurrent tobacco use.
涉及同时使用烟草和大麻的使用者行为/习惯（如吸食大麻烟并接着吸食烟草）被假定会增加大麻依赖症状。
人种志学者对一个年龄在17至35岁之间、经过有目的抽样的多样化大麻使用者群体进行了问卷调查。
纽约市，包括曼哈顿非贫困地区、东村/下东区过渡区域、曼哈顿北部和南布朗克斯的低收入地区，以及布鲁克林和皇后区的不同区域。
481名年龄在14至35岁之间的大麻使用者，男性占57%，女性占43%；27%为白人，30%为黑人，19%为拉丁裔，5%为亚洲人，20%为其他/多种族。
在众多其他主题中，问卷调查测量了大麻依赖症状；吸食大麻烟接着吸食烟草、吸食大麻烟、吸食卷烟/水烟、独自使用大麻以及一般烟草使用的频率；以及人口统计学因素。
吸食大麻烟并接着吸食烟草分别与七种大麻依赖症状中的五种存在独特关联。在所有症状方面，过去30天内每天都吸食大麻烟的参与者的预测几率比过去30天内未吸食大麻烟的参与者高2.4至4.1倍。在五点制的吸食大麻接着吸食烟草频率测量范围内（从从不吸食到总是吸食），几率显著增加，范围从3.4倍到5.1倍。
将烟草与大麻同时使用（吸食大麻烟并接着吸食烟草）会导致大麻依赖症状。如果在治疗大麻依赖时解决同时使用烟草的问题，治疗可能会更有效。
