Wignall Geoffrey R, Denstedt John D, Preminger Glenn M, Cadeddu Jeffrey A, Pearle Margaret S, Sweet Robert M, McDougall Elspeth M
Division of Urology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
J Urol. 2008 May;179(5):1690-9. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.014. Epub 2008 Mar 17.
Surgical education is changing rapidly as several factors including budget constraints and medicolegal concerns limit opportunities for urological trainees. New methods of skills training such as low fidelity bench trainers and virtual reality simulators offer new avenues for surgical education. In addition, surgical simulation has the potential to allow practicing surgeons to develop new skills and maintain those they already possess. We provide a review of the background, current status and future directions of surgical simulators as they pertain to urology.
We performed a literature review and an overview of surgical simulation in urology.
Surgical simulators are in various stages of development and validation. Several simulators have undergone extensive validation studies and are in use in surgical curricula. While virtual reality simulators offer the potential to more closely mimic reality and present entire operations, low fidelity simulators remain useful in skills training, particularly for novices and junior trainees. Surgical simulation remains in its infancy. However, the potential to shorten learning curves for difficult techniques and practice surgery without risk to patients continues to drive the development of increasingly more advanced and realistic models.
Surgical simulation is an exciting area of surgical education. The future is bright as advancements in computing and graphical capabilities offer new innovations in simulator technology. Simulators must continue to undergo rigorous validation studies to ensure that time spent by trainees on bench trainers and virtual reality simulators will translate into improved surgical skills in the operating room.
由于包括预算限制和法医学问题在内的多种因素限制了泌尿外科住院医师的培训机会，外科教育正在迅速变革。诸如低保真度模拟训练器和虚拟现实模拟器等新的技能培训方法为外科教育提供了新途径。此外，手术模拟有潜力让执业外科医生培养新技能并保持他们已掌握的技能。我们综述了与泌尿外科相关的手术模拟器的背景、现状及未来发展方向。
我们对泌尿外科手术模拟进行了文献综述和概述。
手术模拟器处于不同的开发和验证阶段。一些模拟器已经历广泛的验证研究并应用于外科课程。虽然虚拟现实模拟器有潜力更逼真地模拟现实并呈现整个手术过程，但低保真度模拟器在技能培训中仍然有用，特别是对新手和初级住院医师。手术模拟仍处于起步阶段。然而，缩短复杂技术学习曲线以及在不危及患者的情况下练习手术的潜力继续推动着越来越先进和逼真模型的开发。
手术模拟是外科教育中一个令人兴奋的领域。随着计算和图形能力的进步为模拟器技术带来新创新，未来前景光明。模拟器必须继续接受严格的验证研究，以确保住院医师在模拟训练器和虚拟现实模拟器上花费的时间能转化为手术室中手术技能的提高。
