Fluid therapy in patients with pulmonary disease.

Fluid therapy in patients with pulmonary disease is challenging. Although a single set of rules cannot be applied to every patient, the following guidelines can be used when managing patients with pulmonary disease. Euvolemic patients with adequate tissue perfusion should be given sufficient isotonic fluid to balance insensible losses. If severe pulmonary compromise is present, cessation of all fluid therapy may be considered if the patient is able to match its losses by voluntary intake. In hypovolemic or hypotensive patients, small boluses of isotonic crystalloids or colloids should be given to restore perfusion, avoiding rates of more than 30 mL/kg an hour for isotonic crystalloids. If perfusion is not restored by adequate volume resuscitation, vasopressors or positive inotropes should be administered to prevent fluid overload and deterioration in pulmonary function.