Sequence-tagged site (STS) content mapping of human chromosomes: theoretical considerations and early experiences.

The magnitude of the effort required to complete the human genome project will require constant refinements of the tools available for the large-scale study of DNA. Such improvements must include both the development of more powerful technologies and the reformulation of the theoretical strategies that account for the changing experimental capabilities. The two technological advances described here, PCR and YAC cloning, have rapidly become incorporated into the standard armamentarium of genome analysis and represent key examples of how technological developments continue to drive experimental strategies in molecular biology. Because of its high sensitivity, specificity, and potential for automation, PCR is transforming many aspects of DNA mapping. Similarly, by providing the means to isolate and study larger pieces of DNA, YAC cloning has made practical the achievement of megabase-level continuity in physical maps. Taken together, these two technologies can be envisioned as providing a powerful strategy for constructing physical maps of whole chromosomes. Undoubtedly, future technological developments will promote even more effective mapping strategies. Nonetheless, the theoretical projections and practical experience described here suggest that constructing YAC-based STS-content maps of whole human chromosomes is now possible. Random STSs can be efficiently generated and used to screen collections of YAC clones, and contiguous YAC coverage of regions exceeding 2 Mb can be readily obtained. While the predicted laboratory effort required for mapping whole human chromosomes remains daunting, it is clearly feasible.