Calza Paola, Massolino Cristina, Pelizzetti Ezio, Minero Claudio
Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2008 Jul 15;398(1-3):196-202. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.023. Epub 2008 May 1.
Natural seawater (NSW) sampled in March and June 2007 in the Gulf of Trieste, Italy, has been spiked with phenol and irradiated in a device simulating solar light spectrum and intensity. Opposite to the case of artificial seawater, for which phenol is slightly degraded by direct photolysis, in NSW the phenol degradation mediated by natural photosensitizers occurs, forming several secondary pollutants, including hydroxyderivatives (1,4-benzoquinone, resorcinol), three chlorophenol isomers, 2,3-dichlorophenol, 2- and 4-bromophenol, 2- and 4-nitrophenol, and several condensed products (2 and 4-phenoxyphenol, 2,2'-, 4,4'- and 2,4-bisphenol). These compounds are toxic to bacteria and other living organisms. Ecotoxicologic effect has been evaluated by using the Vibrio Fischeri luminescent bacteria assay. This technique uses marine organisms, and it is therefore well suited for the study on marine samples. A correlation exists between the intermediates evolution and the toxicity profile, as the largest toxicity is observed when compounds with the lower EC50 (halophenols, phenoxyphenols) are formed at higher concentration.
2007年3月和6月在意大利的里雅斯特湾采集的天然海水（NSW）添加了苯酚，并在模拟太阳光光谱和强度的装置中进行辐照。与人工海水的情况相反，在人工海水中苯酚通过直接光解略有降解，而在天然海水中，由天然光敏剂介导的苯酚降解发生，形成了几种二次污染物，包括羟基衍生物（1,4-苯醌、间苯二酚）、三种氯酚异构体、2,3-二氯酚、2-和4-溴酚、2-和4-硝基酚以及几种缩合产物（2-和4-苯氧基苯酚、2,2'-、4,4'-和2,4-双酚）。这些化合物对细菌和其他生物有毒。通过使用费氏弧菌发光细菌试验评估了生态毒理学效应。该技术使用海洋生物，因此非常适合对海洋样品进行研究。中间体的演变与毒性特征之间存在相关性，因为当具有较低半数有效浓度（EC5）的化合物（卤代酚、苯氧基苯酚）以较高浓度形成时，观察到最大毒性。
