Klasing K C
Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616.
Poult Sci. 1991 May;70(5):1176-86. doi: 10.3382/ps.0701176.
The inflammatory response is one of the best defined components of nonspecific immunity in birds. Introduction of an immunogen into the skin or peritoneal cavity results in a characteristic series of local and systemic responses. Initially, locally produced chemotactic substances cause heterophils and monocytes to emigrate from the blood through postcapillary venules to the site of immunogen. Monocytes and heterophils phagocytize the immunogen and monocytes can initiate specific immunity mediated by lymphocytes. Monocytes release a variety of hormone-like substances (monokines) that act locally to coordinate the localized inflammatory response and facilitate lymphocyte responses. These same monokines can gain entrance into the circulation and act systemically to orchestrate the acute phase response. Monokine activities characterized to date are similar to mammalian interleukin-1, interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor, and granulocyte-stimulating factor. The inflammatory response is active in the embryo midway through incubation and is probably instrumental in protection of the embryo. Inappropriate or overexuberant inflammatory responses can lead to a variety of pathologies in the chicken, demonstrating the importance of precise regulation of the inflammatory response.
炎症反应是鸟类非特异性免疫中最明确的组成部分之一。将免疫原引入皮肤或腹腔会引发一系列典型的局部和全身反应。最初，局部产生的趋化物质会导致嗜异性粒细胞和单核细胞从血液中通过毛细血管后微静脉迁移到免疫原所在部位。单核细胞和嗜异性粒细胞吞噬免疫原，单核细胞可启动由淋巴细胞介导的特异性免疫。单核细胞释放多种类激素物质（单核因子），这些物质在局部起作用以协调局部炎症反应并促进淋巴细胞反应。这些相同的单核因子可进入循环系统并在全身发挥作用以协调急性期反应。迄今为止所鉴定的单核因子活性类似于哺乳动物的白细胞介素-1、白细胞介素-2、肿瘤坏死因子和粒细胞刺激因子。炎症反应在胚胎孵化中期就已活跃，可能有助于保护胚胎。不适当或过度旺盛的炎症反应会导致鸡出现多种病理状况，这表明精确调节炎症反应非常重要。
