Zizza Claire A, Duffy Patricia A, Gerrior Shirley A
Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Aug;16(8):1908-13. doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.288. Epub 2008 May 29.
We examined the association between food insecurity and total daily energy intakes in American men and women. We estimated the number of daily snacks and meals consumed by individuals in different food security categories. Also, we calculated the energy contribution, energy density, and food group sources of those snacks and meals. Using the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we examined the Food Security Survey Module (FSSM) and dietary information from the 24-h recall. Differences in energy intakes between groups were not significant. Women who were food insecure without hunger (FIWOH) and food insecure with hunger (FIWH) had significantly fewer meals than food secure (FS) women. The energy contribution of each meal and the total energy contributed from snacking were both significantly greater for FIWOH women than for FS women. The number of meals was significantly lower whereas the daily number of snacking occasions and the total energy from snacking were significantly increased for FIWOH men relative to FS men. FIWOH men consumed snack foods that had significantly lower energy density than those consumed by FS men. Among men and women, the major sources of meal energy were the grain group, the meat, poultry, and fish group, and the sugar, sweets, and beverages group whereas the major source of snacking energy was the sugar, sweets, and beverages group. Total energy intakes were not different for FI individuals; however, their meal and snack behaviors were different. Focusing solely on total energy intake would miss important consequences of food insecurity.
我们研究了美国男性和女性的粮食不安全状况与每日总能量摄入量之间的关联。我们估算了不同粮食安全类别的个体每日食用零食和餐食的数量。此外，我们还计算了这些零食和餐食的能量贡献、能量密度以及食物类别来源。利用1999 - 2002年国家健康与营养检查调查（NHANES），我们研究了粮食安全调查模块（FSSM）以及来自24小时膳食回顾的饮食信息。各组之间的能量摄入量差异不显著。粮食不安全但无饥饿感的女性（FIWOH）和粮食不安全且有饥饿感的女性（FIWH）的用餐次数明显少于粮食安全的（FS）女性。FIWOH女性每餐的能量贡献以及零食所提供的总能量均显著高于FS女性。相对于FS男性，FIWOH男性的用餐次数显著减少，而每日吃零食的次数以及零食所提供的总能量则显著增加。FIWOH男性食用的零食能量密度明显低于FS男性。在男性和女性中，餐食能量的主要来源是谷物类、肉类、家禽和鱼类以及糖、甜食和饮料类，而零食能量的主要来源是糖、甜食和饮料类。粮食不安全个体的总能量摄入量并无差异；然而，他们的用餐和吃零食行为有所不同。仅关注总能量摄入会忽略粮食不安全的重要影响。
