Polidoro Beth A, Dahlquist Ruth M, Castillo Luisa E, Morra Matthew J, Somarriba Eduardo, Bosque-Pérez Nilsa A
Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 442339, Moscow, ID 83844-2339, USA.
Environ Res. 2008 Sep;108(1):98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.04.003. Epub 2008 Jun 16.
The use of pesticides in the cultivation of cash crops such as banana and plantain is increasing, in Costa Rica and worldwide. Agrochemical use and occupational and environmental exposures in export banana production have been documented in some parts of Central America. However, the extent of agrochemical use, agricultural pest knowledge, and economic components in plantain production are largely unknown in Costa Rica, especially in remote, high-poverty areas such as the Bribri-Cabécar Indigenous Territories. Our objective was to integrate a rapid rural appraisal of indigenous farmer pesticide application practices and pest knowledge with a cost-benefit analysis of plantain production in the Bribri-Cabécar Indigenous Territories, for the development of better agricultural management practices and improved regulatory infrastructure. Interviews conducted with 75 households in 5 indigenous communities showed that over 60% of participants grew plantain with agrochemicals. Of these plantain farmers, over 97% used the insecticide chlorpyrifos, and 84% applied nematicides, 64% herbicides, and 22% fungicides, with only 31% of participants reporting the use of some type of protective clothing during application. The banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar) was ranked as the most important agricultural pest by 85% of participants, yet only 28% could associate the adult and larval form. A cost-benefit analysis conducted with a separate group of 26 plantain farmers identified several national markets and one export market for plantain production in the Indigenous Territories. Yearly income averaged US$6200/ha and yearly expenses averaged US$1872/ha, with an average cost-benefit ratio of 3.67 for plantain farmers. Farmers applied an average of 9.7 kg a.i./ha/yr of pesticide products and 375 kg/ha/yr of fertilizer, but those who sold their fruit to the national markets applied more nematicides, herbicides, and fertilizers than those who sold primarily to export markets, suggesting a lack of appropriate application knowledge. Results indicate that the quantity of agrochemicals applied in plantain cultivation is less than that applied in export banana, but the absence of appropriate agrochemical application practices in plantain cultivation may pose serious risks to human and environmental health. Culturally appropriate farmer education and certification programs are needed as well as the development of safe-handling practices, regulatory infrastructure, and adequate agrochemical storage, transport, and waste disposal facilities. Long-term solutions however, are dependent on the development of policies and infrastructure that support non-chemical pest management, alternatives to pesticides, and the identification of organic plantain markets.
在哥斯达黎加乃至全球，香蕉和大蕉等经济作物种植中农药的使用量都在增加。中美洲部分地区已记录了出口香蕉生产中的农用化学品使用情况以及职业和环境暴露情况。然而，在哥斯达黎加，尤其是在布里布里 - 卡贝卡尔原住民领地等偏远、高贫困地区，大蕉生产中的农用化学品使用程度、农业害虫知识以及经济因素在很大程度上尚不明确。我们的目标是将对原住民农民农药施用做法和害虫知识的快速农村评估与布里布里 - 卡贝卡尔原住民领地大蕉生产的成本效益分析相结合，以制定更好的农业管理措施并改善监管基础设施。对5个原住民社区的75户家庭进行的访谈显示，超过60%的受访者使用农用化学品种植大蕉。在这些大蕉种植农户中，超过97%使用杀虫剂毒死蜱，84%施用杀线虫剂，64%施用除草剂，22%施用杀菌剂，只有31%的受访者表示在施用过程中使用了某种防护服。85%的受访者将香蕉象甲（Cosmopolites sordidus Germar）列为最重要的农业害虫，但只有28%的人能将成虫和幼虫形态联系起来。对另一组26位大蕉种植农户进行的成本效益分析确定了原住民领地大蕉生产的几个国内市场和一个出口市场。大蕉种植农户的年收入平均为6200美元/公顷，年支出平均为1872美元/公顷，平均成本效益比为3.67。农民每年平均施用9.7千克有效成分/公顷的农药产品和375千克/公顷的肥料，但那些将水果卖给国内市场的农户比主要卖给出口市场的农户施用了更多的杀线虫剂、除草剂和肥料，这表明他们缺乏适当的施用知识。结果表明，大蕉种植中施用的农用化学品数量少于出口香蕉，但大蕉种植中缺乏适当的农用化学品施用做法可能对人类和环境健康构成严重风险。需要开展符合文化习惯的农民教育和认证项目，以及制定安全操作规范、监管基础设施，并提供充足的农用化学品储存、运输和废物处理设施。然而，长期解决方案依赖于制定支持非化学害虫管理、农药替代品以及确定有机大蕉市场的政策和基础设施。
