Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
Environ Res. 2012 Aug;117:17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.04.006. Epub 2012 Jun 28.
The US Environmental Protection Agency voluntary phased-out residential use of chlorpyrifos in 2001. In contrast, in Costa Rica, chlorpyrifos-treated bags are increasingly used to protect banana and plantain fruits from insects and to fulfill product standards, even in populated areas.
To evaluate children's exposure to chlorpyrifos in villages situated nearby banana plantations and plantain farms in Costa Rica.
The study targeted two villages with use of chlorpyrifos-treated bags in nearby banana plantations and plantain farms and one village with mainly organic production. For 140 children from these villages, mostly indigenous Ngäbe and Bribri, parent-interviews and urine samples (n=207) were obtained. Urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) levels were measured as a biomarker for chlorpyrifos exposure. In the banana and plantain village also environmental contamination to chlorpyrifos was explored.
Children from the banana and plantain villages had statistically significant higher urinary TCPy concentrations than children from the referent village; 2.6 and 2.2 versus 1.3μg/g creatinine, respectively. Chlorpyrifos was detected in 30% of the environmental samples as well as in 92% of the hand/foot wash samples. For more than half of the children their estimated intake exceeded the US EPA chronic population adjusted dose. For some, the acute population adjusted dose and the chronic reference dose were also exceeded.
Our results suggest that children living nearby plantations with chlorpyrifos-treated bags are exposed to chlorpyrifos levels that may affect their health. Interventions to reduce chlorpyrifos exposure are likely to improve children's health and environment in banana and plantain growing regions.
美国环保署于 2001 年自愿逐步淘汰住宅用氯吡硫磷。相比之下，在哥斯达黎加，为了保护香蕉和大蕉果实免受昆虫侵害并达到产品标准，氯吡硫磷处理袋的使用越来越多，甚至在人口稠密的地区也是如此。
评估居住在哥斯达黎加香蕉种植园和大蕉农场附近村庄的儿童接触氯吡硫磷的情况。
本研究针对两个使用附近香蕉种植园和大蕉农场中氯吡硫磷处理袋的村庄以及一个主要采用有机生产的村庄。对这些村庄的 140 名儿童（主要是土著的 Ngäbe 和 Bribri 族）进行了家长访谈和尿样采集（n=207）。尿中 3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇（TCPy）水平被用作氯吡硫磷暴露的生物标志物。在香蕉和大蕉村，还对环境中氯吡硫磷的污染进行了探讨。
来自香蕉和大蕉村的儿童的尿 TCPy 浓度明显高于参照村的儿童，分别为 2.6 和 2.2μg/g 肌酐，而参照村为 1.3μg/g 肌酐。在 30%的环境样本以及 92%的手/脚洗液样本中检测到了氯吡硫磷。对于超过一半的儿童，其估计摄入量超过了美国环保署慢性人群调整剂量。对于一些儿童，急性人群调整剂量和慢性参考剂量也超标。
我们的研究结果表明，居住在使用氯吡硫磷处理袋的种植园附近的儿童接触的氯吡硫磷水平可能会影响他们的健康。减少氯吡硫磷暴露的干预措施可能会改善香蕉和大蕉种植地区儿童的健康和环境。
