Spiering Barry A, Kraemer William J, Anderson Jeffrey M, Armstrong Lawrence E, Nindl Bradley C, Volek Jeff S, Maresh Carl M
Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
Sports Med. 2008;38(7):527-40. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838070-00001.
Recent advances in molecular biology have elucidated some of the mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle growth. Logically, muscle physiologists have applied these innovations to the study of resistance exercise (RE), as RE represents the most potent natural stimulus for growth in adult skeletal muscle. However, as this molecular-based line of research progresses to investigations in humans, scientists must appreciate the fundamental principles of RE to effectively design such experiments. Therefore, we present herein an updated paradigm of RE biology that integrates fundamental RE principles with the current knowledge of muscle cellular and molecular signalling. RE invokes a sequential cascade consisting of: (i) muscle activation; (ii) signalling events arising from mechanical deformation of muscle fibres, hormones, and immune/inflammatory responses; (iii) protein synthesis due to increased transcription and translation; and (iv) muscle fibre hypertrophy. In this paradigm, RE is considered an 'upstream' signal that determines specific downstream events. Therefore, manipulation of the acute RE programme variables (i.e. exercise choice, load, volume, rest period lengths, and exercise order) alters the unique 'fingerprint' of the RE stimulus and subsequently modifies the downstream cellular and molecular responses.
分子生物学的最新进展阐明了一些调节骨骼肌生长的机制。合理地，肌肉生理学家已将这些创新应用于抗阻运动（RE）的研究，因为抗阻运动是成年骨骼肌生长最有力的自然刺激因素。然而，随着这一基于分子的研究方向向人体研究推进，科学家们必须理解抗阻运动的基本原理，以便有效地设计此类实验。因此，我们在此提出一种更新的抗阻运动生物学范式，将抗阻运动的基本原理与当前肌肉细胞和分子信号传导的知识相结合。抗阻运动引发一个由以下部分组成的连续级联反应：（i）肌肉激活；（ii）由肌纤维的机械变形、激素以及免疫/炎症反应引发的信号事件；（iii）由于转录和翻译增加导致的蛋白质合成；以及（iv）肌纤维肥大。在这个范式中，抗阻运动被视为一个决定特定下游事件的“上游”信号。因此，对急性抗阻运动方案变量（即运动选择、负荷、量、休息时间长度和运动顺序）的操控会改变抗阻运动刺激的独特“指纹”，进而改变下游的细胞和分子反应。
