Cohen Michael X
University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2008 Jun;8(2):113-25. doi: 10.3758/cabn.8.2.113.
Adapting decision making according to dynamic and probabilistic changes in action-reward contingencies is critical for survival in a competitive and resource-limited world. Much research has focused on elucidating the neural systems and computations that underlie how the brain identifies whether the consequences of actions are relatively good or bad. In contrast, less empirical research has focused on the mechanisms by which reinforcements might be used to guide decision making. Here, I review recent studies in which an attempt to bridge this gap has been made by characterizing how humans use reward information to guide and optimize decision making. Regions that have been implicated in reinforcement processing, including the striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate, also seem to mediate how reinforcements are used to adjust subsequent decision making. This research provides insights into why the brain devotes resources to evaluating reinforcements and suggests a direction for future research, from studying the mechanisms of reinforcement processing to studying the mechanisms of reinforcement learning.
根据行动-奖励意外情况中的动态和概率变化来调整决策，对于在竞争激烈且资源有限的世界中生存至关重要。许多研究都集中在阐明大脑如何识别行动后果相对好坏背后的神经系统和计算过程。相比之下，较少有实证研究关注强化可能用于指导决策的机制。在此，我回顾了最近的一些研究，这些研究试图通过描述人类如何利用奖励信息来指导和优化决策来弥合这一差距。与强化处理相关的区域，包括纹状体、眶额皮质和前扣带回，似乎也介导了强化如何用于调整后续决策。这项研究为大脑为何投入资源评估强化提供了见解，并为未来研究指明了方向，即从研究强化处理机制到研究强化学习机制。
