Carmona María José, Chaïb Jamila, Martínez-Zapater José Miguel, Thomas Mark R
Departamento de Biotecnología, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28003 Madrid, Spain.
J Exp Bot. 2008;59(10):2579-96. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern160.
The grapevine reproductive cycle has a number of unique features. Inflorescences develop from lateral meristems (anlagen) in latent buds during spring and summer and enter a dormant state at a very immature stage before completing development and producing flowers and berries the following spring. Lateral meristems are unique structures derived from the shoot apical meristem and can either develop into an inflorescence or a tendril. How the grapevine plant controls these processes at the molecular level is not understood, but some progress has been made by isolating and studying the expression of flowering genes in wild-type and mutant grapevine plants. Interestingly, a number of flowering genes are also expressed during berry development. This paper reviews the current understanding of the genetic control of grapevine flowering and the impact of viticulture management treatments and environmental variables on yield. While the availability of the draft genome sequence of grapevine will greatly assist future molecular genetic studies, a number of issues are identified that need to be addressed--particularly rapid methods for confirming gene function and linking genes to biological processes and traits. Understanding the key interactions between environmental factors and genetic mechanisms controlling the induction and development of inflorescences, flowers, and berries is also an important area that requires increased emphasis, especially given the large seasonal fluctuations in yield experienced by the crop and the increasing concern about the effect of climate change on existing wine-producing regions.
葡萄的生殖周期有许多独特特征。在春季和夏季，花序从潜伏芽中的侧生分生组织（原基）发育而来，并在发育完成并在次年春天开花结果之前的非常不成熟阶段进入休眠状态。侧生分生组织是源自茎尖分生组织的独特结构，既可以发育成花序，也可以发育成卷须。葡萄植株如何在分子水平上控制这些过程尚不清楚，但通过分离和研究野生型和突变型葡萄植株中开花基因的表达已取得了一些进展。有趣的是，一些开花基因在浆果发育过程中也有表达。本文综述了目前对葡萄开花遗传控制的理解，以及葡萄栽培管理措施和环境变量对产量的影响。虽然葡萄基因组草图序列的可得性将极大地助力未来的分子遗传学研究，但仍存在一些需要解决的问题——特别是确认基因功能以及将基因与生物学过程和性状联系起来的快速方法。理解环境因素与控制花序、花朵和浆果诱导与发育的遗传机制之间的关键相互作用也是一个需要更多关注的重要领域，尤其是考虑到该作物产量存在较大的季节性波动，以及人们对气候变化对现有葡萄酒产区影响的日益担忧。
