Baker Robert B, Washington Harriet A, Olakanmi Ololade, Savitt Todd L, Jacobs Elizabeth A, Hoover Eddie, Wynia Matthew K
The Union Graduate College-Mount Sinai School of Medicine Bioethics Program, and Department of Philosophy, Union College, Schenectady, New York, USA.
JAMA. 2008 Jul 16;300(3):306-13. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.3.306. Epub 2008 Jul 10.
Like the nation as a whole, organized medicine in the United States carries a legacy of racial bias and segregation that should be understood and acknowledged. For more than 100 years, many state and local medical societies openly discriminated against black physicians, barring them from membership and from professional support and advancement. The American Medical Association was early and persistent in countenancing this racial segregation. Several key historical episodes demonstrate that many of the decisions and practices that established and maintained medical professional segregation were challenged by black and white physicians, both within and outside organized medicine. The effects of this history have been far reaching for the medical profession and, in particular, the legacy of segregation, bias, and exclusion continues to adversely affect African American physicians and the patients they serve.
与整个国家一样，美国的有组织医疗行业也存在种族偏见和隔离的遗留问题，这一点应该得到理解和承认。在100多年的时间里，许多州和地方医学协会公然歧视黑人医生，禁止他们入会，也不给予他们专业支持和职业晋升机会。美国医学协会很早就开始且一直容忍这种种族隔离。几个关键的历史事件表明，许多确立和维持医疗行业隔离的决定和做法受到了黑人医生和白人医生的挑战，这些挑战来自有组织医疗行业内部和外部。这段历史对医疗行业产生了深远影响，尤其是隔离、偏见和排斥的遗留问题继续对非裔美国医生及其服务的患者产生不利影响。
