Enock K E, Jacobs J
Public Health Action Support Unit, Dept of Pirmary Care and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, 3rd Floor, Reynolds Building, St Dunstan's Road, London, W6 8RP.
Public Health. 2008 Nov;122(11):1229-38. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.04.016. Epub 2008 Jul 11.
To undertake a review of the literature relating to public health planning and interventions at previous summer Olympic and Paralympic Games and other relevant major summer sporting events or mass gatherings, with a focus on official publications and peer-reviewed articles.
Literature review.
A literature review was undertaken using all biomedical databases and a freetext search using Google to widen the search beyond peer-reviewed publications. Search terms used were: Olympics; Paralympics; mass gatherings; mass gathering medicine; sporting events; weather; planning; and organisation. Citations within articles were searched to identify additional references that would inform this review. This literature review concentrates on the public health aspects of population care at mass gatherings, particularly the Olympic and Paralympic Games which are set over several weeks, focusing on surveillance, prevention and health service quality.
The literature identified 10 areas of public health planning: public health command centre and communication; surveillance, assessment and control; environmental health and safety; infectious disease outbreaks; implications of weather conditions; health promotion; travel information; economic assessments; public transport and reduction of asthma events; and preparing athletes for potential allergies. The following themes emerged as crucial factors for the success of any public health interventions at Olympic and Paralympic Games: detailed planning of deliverables; pre-identification of critical success factors; management of risk; detailed contingency planning; and full testing of all plans prior to the event.
The 2012 Olympic Games will provide an exciting challenge for public health providers and systems. Preparation requires early detailed planning of policies, procedures and on-site health promotion events, in addition to helping to set up the surveillance and monitoring systems that will capture public health activity alongside medical activity. Learning from the literature review will support the identification of critical success factors and help to formulate recommendations that will allow optimal utilization of public health initiatives. All plans require full costings in advance which are supported by internal and external health-related agencies, voluntary organizations and sponsors. A risk assessment should be undertaken as part of the planning process leading to risk management plans for mitigating identified potential risks. All surveillance and monitoring systems, communication, policies and procedures will require full testing prior to commencement of the Games.
对以往夏季奥运会、残奥会以及其他相关重大夏季体育赛事或大型集会中与公共卫生规划及干预措施相关的文献进行综述，重点关注官方出版物和同行评审文章。
文献综述。
利用所有生物医学数据库进行文献综述，并使用谷歌进行自由文本搜索，以拓宽搜索范围，涵盖非同行评审出版物。使用的搜索词包括：奥运会；残奥会；大型集会；大型集会医学；体育赛事；天气；规划；以及组织。对文章中的参考文献进行搜索，以识别可为本次综述提供信息的其他参考文献。本综述聚焦于大型集会中人群护理的公共卫生方面，特别是持续数周的奥运会和残奥会，重点关注监测、预防和卫生服务质量。
文献确定了公共卫生规划的10个领域：公共卫生指挥中心与通信；监测、评估与控制；环境卫生与安全；传染病爆发；天气状况的影响；健康促进；旅行信息；经济评估；公共交通与哮喘事件减少；以及让运动员为潜在过敏做好准备。以下主题成为奥运会和残奥会任何公共卫生干预措施取得成功的关键因素：可交付成果的详细规划；关键成功因素的预先识别；风险的管理；详细的应急规划；以及在赛事前对所有计划进行全面测试。
2012年奥运会将给公共卫生服务提供者和系统带来令人兴奋的挑战。准备工作需要尽早对政策、程序和现场健康促进活动进行详细规划，此外还要帮助建立监测和监控系统，以便在医疗活动的同时记录公共卫生活动。从文献综述中汲取经验将有助于识别关键成功因素，并有助于制定相关建议，从而实现公共卫生举措的最佳利用。所有计划都需要提前进行全面成本核算，并得到内部和外部与健康相关的机构、志愿组织及赞助商的支持。应在规划过程中进行风险评估，从而制定风险管理计划以减轻已识别的潜在风险。所有监测和监控系统、通信、政策及程序在奥运会开始前都需要进行全面测试。
