Reich Michael S, Dietrich Mary S, Finlayson Alistair James Reid, Fischer Edward F, Martin Peter R
Vanderbilt Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8650, USA.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008 Oct;32(10):1799-806. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00751.x. Epub 2008 Jul 24.
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) members represent an important and relatively understudied population for improving our understanding of alcohol dependence recovery as over 1 million Americans participate in the program. Further insight into coffee and cigarette use by these individuals is necessary given AA members' apparent widespread consumption and the recognized health consequences and psychopharmacological actions of these substances.
Volunteers were sought from all open-AA meetings in Nashville, TN during the summer of 2007 to complete a questionnaire (n = 289, completion rate = 94.1%) including timeline followback for coffee, cigarette, and alcohol consumption; the Alcoholics Anonymous Affiliation Scale; coffee consumption and effects questions; the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND); and the Smoking Effects Questionnaire.
Mean (+/-SD) age of onset of alcohol consumption was 15.4 +/- 4.2 years and mean lifetime alcohol consumption was 1026.0 +/- 772.8 kg ethanol. Median declared alcohol abstinence was 2.1 years (range: 0 days to 41.1 years) and median lifetime AA attendance was 1000.0 meetings (range: 4 to 44,209 meetings); average AA affiliation score was 7.6 +/- 1.5. Most (88.5%) individuals consumed coffee and approximately 33% of coffee consumers drank more than 4 cups per day (M = 3.9 +/- 3.9). The most common self-reported reasons for coffee consumption and coffee-associated behavioral changes were related to stimulatory effects. More than half (56.9%) of individuals in AA smoked cigarettes. Of those who smoked, 78.7% consumed at least half a pack of cigarettes per day (M = 21.8 +/- 12.3). Smokers' FTND scores were 5.8 +/- 2.4; over 60% of smokers were highly or very highly dependent. Reduced negative affect was the most important subjective effect of smoking.
A greater proportion of AA participants drink coffee and smoke cigarettes in larger per capita amounts than observed in general U.S. populations. The effects of these products as described by AA participants suggest significant stimulation and negative affect reduction. Fundamental knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of coffee and cigarette consumption among AA members will enable future research to discern their impact on alcohol abstinence and recovery.
戒酒互助会（AA）成员是一个重要但相对研究不足的群体，有助于我们加深对酒精依赖康复的理解，因为超过100万美国人参与了该项目。鉴于AA成员中这些物质的消费似乎很普遍，且已知这些物质对健康的影响和心理药理学作用，进一步了解这些人对咖啡和香烟的使用情况很有必要。
2007年夏天，从田纳西州纳什维尔所有开放的AA会议中招募志愿者，以完成一份问卷（n = 289，完成率 = 94.1%），包括咖啡、香烟和酒精消费的时间线追溯；戒酒互助会参与量表；咖啡消费及影响问题；尼古丁依赖的法格斯特龙测试（FTND）；以及吸烟影响问卷。
饮酒开始的平均（±标准差）年龄为15.4±4.2岁，终生酒精消费量平均为1026.0±772.8千克乙醇。宣称戒酒的中位数为2.1年（范围：0天至41.1年），终生参加AA会议的中位数为1000.0次（范围：4至44209次）；平均AA参与得分是7.6±1.5。大多数（88.5%）人喝咖啡，约33%的咖啡消费者每天饮用超过4杯（均值 = 3.9±3.9）。最常自我报告的喝咖啡原因及与咖啡相关的行为变化与刺激作用有关。超过一半（56.9%）的AA成员吸烟。在吸烟者中，78.7%每天至少吸食半包香烟（均值 = 21.8±12.3）。吸烟者的FTND得分为5.8±2.4；超过60%的吸烟者有高度或非常高度的依赖。减轻负面影响是吸烟最重要的主观影响。
与美国普通人群相比，更大比例的AA参与者喝咖啡且人均吸烟量更大。AA参与者所描述的这些产品的影响表明有显著的刺激作用和负面影响减轻。了解AA成员咖啡和香烟消费在数量和质量方面的基础知识，将使未来的研究能够辨别它们对戒酒和康复的影响。
