Hovmøller Mogens S, Yahyaoui Amor H, Milus Eugene A, Justesen Annemarie F
Department of Integrated Pest Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
Mol Ecol. 2008 Sep;17(17):3818-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03886.x. Epub 2008 Jul 30.
Rust fungi can overcome the effect of host resistance genes rapidly, and spores can disperse long distance by wind. Here we demonstrate a foreign incursion of similar strains of the wheat yellow rust fungus, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, in North America, Australia and Europe in less than 3 years. One strain defined by identity at 15 virulence loci and 130 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fragments was exclusive to North America (present since 2000) and Australia (since 2002). Another strain of the same virulence phenotype, but differing in two AFLP fragments, was exclusive to Europe (present since 2000-2001) as well as Western and Central Asia and the Red Sea Area (first appearance unknown). This may be the most rapid spread of an important crop pathogen on the global scale. The limited divergence between the two strains and their derivatives, and the temporal-spatial occurrence pattern confirmed a recent spread. The data gave evidence for additional intercontinental dispersal events in the past, that is, many isolates sampled before 2000 in Europe, North America and Australia had similar AFLP fingerprints, and isolates from South Africa, which showed no divergence in AFLP, differed by only two fragments from particular isolates from Central Asia, West Asia and South Europe, respectively. Previous research has demonstrated that isolates of the two new strains produced up to two to three times more spores per day than strains found in USA and Europe before 2000, suggesting that increased aggressiveness at this level may accelerate global spread of crop pathogens.
锈菌能够迅速克服寄主抗性基因的作用，并且其孢子可以随风远距离传播。在此，我们证明了小麦条锈病菌（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici）的相似菌株在不到3年的时间里侵入了北美洲、澳大利亚和欧洲。在15个毒性位点和130个扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）片段上具有相同特征的一个菌株仅在北美洲（自2000年以来存在）和澳大利亚（自2002年以来存在）出现。另一个具有相同毒性表型但在两个AFLP片段上不同的菌株仅在欧洲（自2000 - 2001年以来存在）以及西亚和中亚及红海地区（首次出现时间未知）出现。这可能是一种重要作物病原菌在全球范围内传播速度最快的情况。这两个菌株及其衍生物之间有限的差异以及时空发生模式证实了其近期的传播。这些数据为过去额外的洲际传播事件提供了证据，也就是说，2000年之前在欧洲、北美洲和澳大利亚采集的许多分离株具有相似的AFLP指纹图谱，而来自南非的分离株在AFLP上没有差异，分别与来自中亚、西亚和南欧的特定分离株仅在两个片段上存在差异。先前的研究表明，这两个新菌株的分离株每天产生的孢子数量比2000年之前在美国和欧洲发现的菌株多两到三倍，这表明在这个水平上增加的侵袭性可能会加速作物病原菌的全球传播。
