Liao Kuo-Jen, Tagaris Efthimios, Napelenok Sergey L, Manomaiphiboon Kasemsan, Woo Jung-Hun, Amar Praveen, He Shan, Russell Armistead G
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Jul 1;42(13):4670-5. doi: 10.1021/es7028685.
Responses of ozone and PM2.5 to emission changes are coupled because of interactions between their precursors. Here we show the interdependencies of ozone and PM2.5 responses to emission changes in 2001 and 2050, with the future case accounting for both currently planned emission controls and climate change. Current responses of ozone and PM2.5 to emissions are quantified and linked on a daily basis for five cities in the continental United States: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and NewYork. Reductions in anthropogenic NO(x) emissions decrease 24-h average PM2.5 levels but may either increase or decrease daily maximum 8-h average ozone levels. Regional ozone maxima for all the cities are more sensitive to NO(x) reductions than at the city center, particularly in New York and Chicago. Planned controls of anthropogenic NO(x) emissions lead to more positive responses to NO(x) reductions in the future. Sensitivities of ozone and PM2.5 to anthropogenic VOC emissions are predicted to decrease between 2001 and 2050. Ammonium nitrate formation is predicted to be less ammonia-sensitive in 2050 than 2001 while the opposite is true for ammonium sulfate. Sensitivity of PM2.5 to SO2 and NO(x) emissions changes little between 2001 and 2050. Both ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate are predicted to decrease in sensitivity to SO2 and NO(x) emissions between 2001 and 2050. The complexities, linkages, and daily changes in the pollutant responses to emission changes suggest that strategies developed to meet specific air quality standards should consider other air quality impacts as well.
由于臭氧和细颗粒物（PM2.5）前体之间的相互作用，它们对排放变化的响应是相互关联的。在此，我们展示了2001年和2050年臭氧和PM2.5对排放变化的相互依存关系，未来的情况考虑了当前已规划的排放控制措施和气候变化。对美国大陆五个城市（亚特兰大、芝加哥、休斯顿、洛杉矶和纽约）臭氧和PM2.5对排放的当前响应进行了量化，并按日建立了联系。人为氮氧化物（NO(x)）排放的减少会降低24小时平均PM2.5水平，但可能会增加或降低每日最大8小时平均臭氧水平。所有城市的区域臭氧最大值对NO(x)减排的敏感度高于市中心，在纽约和芝加哥尤其如此。对人为NO(x)排放的规划控制导致未来对NO(x)减排有更积极的响应。预计2001年至2050年间，臭氧和PM2.5对人为挥发性有机化合物（VOC）排放的敏感度会降低。预计2050年硝酸铵的形成对氨的敏感度低于2001年，而硫酸铵的情况则相反。2001年至2050年间，PM2.5对二氧化硫（SO2）和NO(x)排放的敏感度变化不大。预计2001年至2050年间，硫酸铵和硝酸铵对SO2和NO(x)排放的敏感度都会降低。污染物对排放变化响应的复杂性、关联性和每日变化表明，为达到特定空气质量标准而制定的策略也应考虑其他空气质量影响。
