Stukenbrock Eva H, McDonald Bruce A
Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2008;46:75-100. doi: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.010708.154114.
Plant pathogens can emerge in agricultural ecosystems through several mechanisms, including host-tracking, host jumps, hybridization and horizontal gene transfer. High-throughput DNA sequencing coupled with new analytical approaches make it possible to differentiate among these mechanisms and to infer the time and place where pathogens first emerged. We present several examples to illustrate the different mechanisms and timescales associated with the origins of important plant pathogens. In some cases pathogens were domesticated along with their hosts during the invention of agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago. In other cases pathogens appear to have emerged very recently and almost instantaneously following horizontal gene transfer or hybridization. The predominant unifying feature in these examples is the environmental and genetic uniformity of the agricultural ecosystem in which the pathogens emerged. We conclude that agro-ecosystems will continue to select for new pathogens unless they are re-engineered to make them less conducive to pathogen emergence.
植物病原体可通过多种机制在农业生态系统中出现，包括宿主追踪、宿主转移、杂交和水平基因转移。高通量DNA测序与新的分析方法相结合，使得区分这些机制以及推断病原体首次出现的时间和地点成为可能。我们列举了几个例子来说明与重要植物病原体起源相关的不同机制和时间尺度。在某些情况下，病原体大约在一万年前农业发明之时与其宿主一同被驯化。在其他情况下，病原体似乎是在水平基因转移或杂交之后最近才出现，而且几乎是瞬间出现。这些例子中主要的共同特征是病原体出现的农业生态系统的环境和遗传一致性。我们得出结论，除非对农业生态系统进行重新设计，使其不利于病原体出现，否则农业生态系统将继续筛选出新的病原体。
