Marques Tiago, Ferreira-Pinto Andrea, Fevereiro Pedro, Pinto Teresa, Gomes-Laranjo José
Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Inov4Agro, Universidade de Trás os Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
Plants (Basel). 2025 Jan 23;14(3):335. doi: 10.3390/plants14030335.
The sustainability of agriculture is seriously threatened by climate change. In Europe, chestnut ecosystems, which are growing mainly in Mediterranean climate, are facing during summertime increasing of heat and drought stresses. These induce fragilities on trees, leading to a reduction in productivity and predisposing them to pest and disease attacks. The plasticity of chestnut species under contrasting climate is known. Understanding the specific adaptation of cultivars to different climate features is now important to anticipating climate changes. Caucasian Region is considered the origin center of chestnut (), which is characterized by climatic transition from the Mediterranean to the Euro-Siberian area. Mostly, areas of chestnut are concentrated in the countries around the Mediterranean Basin, thriving in regions with humid and Pré-Atlantic bioclimates. In Portugal, more than 95% of the chestnut area is located in the Center and North side of Portugal. This is an anisohydry species, characterized by good hydroplasticity: 90% reduction in A occurs when Ψ drops to -1.25 MPa, and a 50% reduction in A occurs at values of -1.7 MPa. The highest fatty acid contents in chestnut chloroplasts are a-linolenic acid (18:3), ranging between 40 and 50% of the total amount and being the unsaturated/saturated 2.27 for Longal. New strategies are being investigated in order to increase tolerance against those abiotic factors in chestnut species. They include the use of innovative irrigation techniques, which can increase production 22-37%. Fertilization with silicone (Si) has been investigated to promote the tolerance of plants against heat and drought stresses. Breeding programs, mostly (in Europe) against ink disease, have been performed since the middle of the XX century to create new genotypes (such the Portuguese ColUTAD). ClimCast, a network of orchards, was created in Portugal with the aim of responding to the new challenges facing orchards in the context of climate change.
农业的可持续性受到气候变化的严重威胁。在欧洲，主要生长在地中海气候区的板栗生态系统在夏季正面临着日益严重的高温和干旱胁迫。这些胁迫导致树木变得脆弱，从而使生产力下降，并使它们更容易受到病虫害的侵袭。人们已知板栗品种在不同气候条件下具有可塑性。了解品种对不同气候特征的具体适应性对于应对气候变化至关重要。高加索地区被认为是板栗的起源中心，其特点是气候从地中海地区向欧洲 - 西伯利亚地区过渡。大多数情况下，板栗种植区域集中在地中海盆地周边国家，在湿润和前大西洋生物气候的地区蓬勃发展。在葡萄牙，超过95%的板栗种植面积位于该国中部和北部。这是一种非等水物种，具有良好的水可塑性：当Ψ降至 -1.25 MPa时，光合速率（A）降低90%，当Ψ为 -1.7 MPa时，光合速率降低50%。板栗叶绿体中含量最高的脂肪酸是α - 亚麻酸（18:3），占总量的40%至50%，Longal的不饱和/饱和脂肪酸比例为2.27。目前正在研究新的策略以提高板栗品种对这些非生物因素的耐受性。这些策略包括使用创新的灌溉技术，可使产量提高22 - 37%。人们还研究了施用硅（Si）肥以提高植物对高温和干旱胁迫的耐受性。自20世纪中叶以来，（在欧洲）主要针对墨汁病开展了育种计划，以培育新的基因型（如葡萄牙的ColUTAD）。葡萄牙创建了一个果园网络ClimCast，旨在应对气候变化背景下果园面临的新挑战。
