Costanza Robert, Pérez-Maqueo Octavio, Martinez M Luisa, Sutton Paul, Anderson Sharolyn J, Mulder Kenneth
Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
Ambio. 2008 Jun;37(4):241-8. doi: 10.1579/0044-7447(2008)37[241:tvocwf]2.0.co;2.
Coastal wetlands reduce the damaging effects of hurricanes on coastal communities. A regression model using 34 major US hurricanes since 1980 with the natural log of damage per unit gross domestic product in the hurricane swath as the dependent variable and the natural logs of wind speed and wetland area in the swath as the independent variables was highly significant and explained 60% of the variation in relative damages. A loss of 1 ha of wetland in the model corresponded to an average USD 33,000 (median = USD 5000) increase in storm damage from specific storms. Using this relationship, and taking into account the annual probability of hits by hurricanes of varying intensities, we mapped the annual value of coastal wetlands by 1 km x 1 km pixel and by state. The annual value ranged from USD 250 to USD 51,000 ha(-1) yr(-1), with a mean of USD 8240 ha(-1) yr(-1) (median = USD 3230 ha(-1) yr(-1)) significantly larger than previous estimates. Coastal wetlands in the US were estimated to currently provide USD 23.2 billion yr(-1) in storm protection services. Coastal wetlands function as valuable, selfmaintaining "horizontal levees" for storm protection, and also provide a host of other ecosystem services that vertical levees do not. Their restoration and preservation is an extremely cost-effective strategy for society.
沿海湿地可减轻飓风对沿海社区的破坏影响。以1980年以来美国34次主要飓风为样本，建立了一个回归模型，该模型以飓风影响区域内单位国内生产总值损失的自然对数为因变量，以该区域内风速和湿地面积的自然对数为自变量。该模型具有高度显著性，解释了相对损失中60%的变化情况。模型中，湿地面积每减少1公顷，特定风暴造成的风暴损失平均增加3.3万美元（中位数为5000美元）。利用这一关系，并考虑到不同强度飓风来袭的年概率，我们按1公里×1公里的像素以及各州绘制了沿海湿地的年度价值图。年度价值范围为每公顷每年250美元至51000美元，平均为每公顷每年8240美元（中位数为每公顷每年3230美元），显著高于先前的估计值。据估计，美国沿海湿地目前每年提供价值232亿美元的风暴防护服务。沿海湿地作为有价值的、自我维持的“水平堤坝”发挥着风暴防护作用，还提供了许多垂直堤坝所没有的其他生态系统服务。对社会而言，恢复和保护沿海湿地是一项极具成本效益的策略。
