Toomey Traci L, Erickson Darin J, Lenk Kathleen M, Kilian Gunna R
University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008 Nov;32(11):1859-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00770.x. Epub 2008 Aug 18.
Several studies have assessed the propensity for illegal alcohol sales at licensed alcohol establishments and community festivals, but no previous studies examined the propensity for these sales at professional sport stadiums. In this study, we assessed the likelihood of alcohol sales to both underage youth and obviously intoxicated patrons at professional sports stadiums across the United States, and assessed the factors related to likelihood of both types of alcohol sales.
We conducted pseudo-underage (i.e., persons age 21 or older who appear under 21) and pseudo-intoxicated (i.e., persons feigning intoxication) alcohol purchase attempts at stadiums that house professional hockey, basketball, baseball, and football teams. We conducted the purchase attempts at 16 sport stadiums located in 5 states. We measured 2 outcome variables: pseudo-underage sale (yes, no) and pseudo-intoxicated sale (yes, no), and 3 types of independent variables: (1) seller characteristics, (2) purchase attempt characteristics, and (3) event characteristics. Following univariate and bivariate analyses, we a separate series of logistic generalized mixed regression models for each outcome variable.
The overall sales rates to the pseudo-underage and pseudo-intoxicated buyers were 18% and 74%, respectively. In the multivariate logistic analyses, we found that the odds of a sale to a pseudo-underage buyer in the stands was 2.9 as large as the odds of a sale at the concession booths (30% vs. 13%; p = 0.01). The odds of a sale to an obviously intoxicated buyer in the stands was 2.9 as large as the odds of a sale at the concession booths (89% vs. 73%; p = 0.02).
Similar to studies assessing illegal alcohol sales at licensed alcohol establishments and community festivals, findings from this study shows the need for interventions specifically focused on illegal alcohol sales at professional sporting events.
多项研究评估了有执照的酒类经营场所和社区节日中非法售酒的倾向，但此前没有研究考察过职业体育场馆的此类售酒倾向。在本研究中，我们评估了美国职业体育场馆向未成年青年和明显醉酒顾客售酒的可能性，并评估了与这两类售酒可能性相关的因素。
我们在拥有职业曲棍球、篮球、棒球和橄榄球队的体育场馆进行了假装未成年（即21岁及以上但看起来不满21岁的人）和假装醉酒（即佯装醉酒的人）的购酒尝试。我们在5个州的16个体育场馆进行了购酒尝试。我们测量了2个结果变量：假装未成年售酒（是，否）和假装醉酒售酒（是，否），以及3类自变量：（1）售酒者特征，（2）购酒尝试特征，（3）赛事特征。在单变量和双变量分析之后，我们针对每个结果变量建立了一系列单独的逻辑广义混合回归模型。
向假装未成年和假装醉酒购买者的总体销售率分别为18%和74%。在多变量逻辑分析中，我们发现向看台上假装未成年购买者售酒的几率是向小卖部售酒几率的2.9倍（30%对13%；p = 0.01）。向看台上明显醉酒购买者售酒的几率是向小卖部售酒几率的2.9倍（89%对73%；p = 0.02）。
与评估有执照的酒类经营场所和社区节日中非法售酒的研究类似，本研究结果表明需要针对职业体育赛事中的非法售酒进行专门干预。
