Flëss D A, Starodubtseva E M
Department of the Physiology of Higher Nervous Activity, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MGU).
Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1991 Mar-Apr;21(2):166-72. doi: 10.1007/BF01182894.
Using a new modification of a previously proposed method in the bottle-nosed dolphin, a conditioned reflex was developed and consolidated to a relative spatial sign, namely the choice always of the left out of two identical objects under conditions of constant change of the position of this pair of stimuli against the background of one of the sides of the pen. The specialization was checked by means of the presentation of the pair of stimuli through various changes of the surrounding setting, including the discordance of external landmarks, as well as by the means of the presentation of the stimuli. Then the objects were replaced by others (12 pairs of stimuli) sharply differing from the initial stimuli in form, size, material, etc. The maintenance of appropriate choice, including with change in the medium of presentation of the stimuli) attested to the capacity of the dolphins to abstract and generalize on the basis of a relative sign, i.e., of abstraction and generalization in the "to the left-to the right in general" choice of two objects.
在宽吻海豚身上，运用先前提出方法的一种新变体，建立并巩固了对相对空间标志的条件反射，即在笔的一侧背景下，这对刺激物位置不断变化的情况下，总是从两个相同物体中选择左边的那个。通过在各种周围环境变化（包括外部地标不一致）下呈现这对刺激物，以及通过呈现刺激物的方式来检验这种特异性。然后将物体换成其他在形状、大小、材料等方面与初始刺激物截然不同的物体（12对刺激物）。包括在刺激物呈现媒介变化时仍保持适当选择，这证明了海豚能够基于相对标志进行抽象和概括，即在两个物体“总体上左边 - 右边”的选择中进行抽象和概括。
