Wilson Robert
Department of Chemistry, Liverpool University, Liverpool, UK L69 7ZD.
Chem Soc Rev. 2008 Sep;37(9):2028-45. doi: 10.1039/b712179m. Epub 2008 Jul 16.
The widespread use of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as labels in diagnostics and detection is due to a unique combination of chemical and physical properties that allow biological molecules to be detected at low concentrations. In this critical review detection methods based on GNPs are divided up and discussed based on the way in which signals are generated in response to specific target molecules. Particular attention is devoted to methods that allow target molecules to be detected with the unaided eye because these, more than any other, harness the full range of properties that make GNPs unique. Methods that are discussed include those in which specific target molecules induce a visible colour change, chromatographic methods that allow non-specialized users to perform sophisticated tests without additional equipment and methods in which trace amounts of GNPs are rendered visible to the unaided eye by catalytic deposition of a metal such as silver. The use of metal deposition as a means of enhancing the signal for optical and electrical detection is also reviewed. The other detection methods included in this review are based on interactions between GNPs and molecules located in close proximity to their surface. These include methods in which light emission from such molecules is enhanced (surface enhanced Raman scattering) or quenched (fluorescence), and methods in which the accumulation of specific target molecules induce subtle changes in the extinction spectra of GNPs that can be followed in real time with inexpensive equipment (166 references).
金纳米颗粒（GNP）在诊断和检测中作为标记物被广泛应用，这归因于其独特的化学和物理性质组合，使得能够在低浓度下检测生物分子。在这篇批判性综述中，基于GNP的检测方法根据响应特定目标分子时产生信号的方式进行了分类和讨论。特别关注那些能够仅凭肉眼检测目标分子的方法，因为这些方法比其他方法更能充分利用使GNP具有独特性的各种性质。所讨论的方法包括特定目标分子会引起可见颜色变化的方法、使非专业用户无需额外设备就能进行复杂测试的色谱方法，以及通过诸如银等金属的催化沉积使微量GNP仅凭肉眼可见的方法。还综述了使用金属沉积作为增强光学和电学检测信号手段的情况。本综述中包含的其他检测方法基于GNP与位于其表面附近的分子之间的相互作用。这些方法包括此类分子的发光增强（表面增强拉曼散射）或猝灭（荧光）的方法，以及特定目标分子的积累会引起GNP消光光谱细微变化且可使用廉价设备实时跟踪的方法（参考文献166篇）。
