Gavrilescu Maria, Pavel Lucian Vasile, Cretescu Igor
Technical University Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, 71 Mangeron Boulevard, 700050 Iasi, Romania.
J Hazard Mater. 2009 Apr 30;163(2-3):475-510. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.103. Epub 2008 Jul 31.
Environmental contamination caused by radionuclides, in particular by uranium and its decay products is a serious problem worldwide. The development of nuclear science and technology has led to increasing nuclear waste containing uranium being released and disposed in the environment. The objective of this paper is to develop a better understanding of the techniques for the remediation of soils polluted with radionuclides (uranium in particular), considering: the chemical forms of uranium, including depleted uranium (DU) in soil and other environmental media, their characteristics and concentrations, and some of the effects on environmental and human health; research issues concerning the remediation process, the benefits and results; a better understanding of the range of uses and situations for which each is most appropriate. The paper addresses the main features of the following techniques for uranium remediation: natural attenuation, physical methods, chemical processes (chemical extraction methods from contaminated soils assisted by various suitable chelators (sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, two-stage acid leaching procedure), extraction using supercritical fluids such as solvents, permeable reactive barriers), biological processes (biomineralization and microbial reduction, phytoremediation, biosorption), and electrokinetic methods. In addition, factors affecting uranium removal from soils are furthermore reviewed including soil characteristics, pH and reagent concentration, retention time.
放射性核素，特别是铀及其衰变产物造成的环境污染是一个全球性的严重问题。核科学技术的发展导致越来越多含有铀的核废料被释放并处置到环境中。本文的目的是更深入地了解放射性核素（特别是铀）污染土壤的修复技术，具体考虑：铀的化学形态，包括土壤和其他环境介质中的贫铀（DU），它们的特性和浓度，以及对环境和人类健康的一些影响；修复过程中的研究问题、益处和结果；更好地了解每种技术的适用范围和最适用的情况。本文阐述了以下铀修复技术的主要特点：自然衰减、物理方法、化学过程（使用各种合适的螯合剂（碳酸氢钠、柠檬酸、两步酸浸法）辅助从污染土壤中进行化学提取方法、使用超临界流体如溶剂进行提取、可渗透反应屏障）、生物过程（生物矿化和微生物还原、植物修复、生物吸附）以及电动方法。此外，还进一步综述了影响从土壤中去除铀的因素，包括土壤特性、pH值和试剂浓度、保留时间。
