Howell P, Davis S, Williams R
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
Arch Dis Child. 2009 Jan;94(1):42-6. doi: 10.1136/adc.2007.134114. Epub 2008 Sep 9.
To examine stuttering by children speaking an alternative language exclusively (LE) or with English (BIL) and to study onset of stuttering, school performance and recovery rate relative to monolingual speakers who stutter (MONO).
Clinical referral sample with supplementary data obtained from speech recordings and interviews.
South-East England, 1999-2007.
Children aged 8-12 plus who stuttered (monolingual and bilingual) and fluent bilingual controls (FB).
Participants' stuttering history, SATS scores, measures of recovery or persistence of stuttering.
69 (21.8%) of 317 children were bilingual. Of 38 children who used a language other than English at home, 36 (94.7%) stuttered in both languages. Fewer LE (15/38, 39.5%) than BIL (23/38, 60.5%) children stuttered at first referral to clinic, but more children in the fluent control sample were LE (28/38, 73.7%) than BIL (10/38, 26.3%). The association between stuttering and bilingual group (LE/BIL) was significant by chi(2) test; BIL speakers have more chance of stuttering than LE speakers. Age at stuttering onset and male/female ratio for LE, BIL and MONO speakers were similar (4 years 9 months, 4 years 10 months and 4 years 3 months, and 4.1:1, 4.75:1 and 4.43:1, respectively). Educational achievement was not affected by bilingualism relative to the MONO and FB groups. The recovery rate for the LE and MONO controls together (55%) was significantly higher by chi(2) test than for the BIL group (25%).
BIL children had an increased risk of stuttering and a lower chance of recovery from stuttering than LE and MONO speakers.
研究仅说另一种语言（LE）或同时说英语（BIL）的儿童的口吃情况，并研究口吃的起始、学业表现以及相对于口吃的单语儿童（MONO）的恢复率。
通过临床转诊样本，并从语音记录和访谈中获取补充数据。
英格兰东南部，1999 - 2007年。
8 - 12岁及以上口吃的儿童（单语和双语）以及流利的双语对照儿童（FB）。
参与者的口吃病史、SAT成绩、口吃恢复或持续的指标。
317名儿童中有69名（21.8%）是双语者。在家中使用英语以外语言的38名儿童中，36名（94.7%）在两种语言中都口吃。首次转诊到诊所时口吃的LE儿童（15/38，39.5%）比BIL儿童（23/38，60.5%）少，但流利对照样本中LE儿童（28/38，73.7%）比BIL儿童（10/38，26.3%）多。通过卡方检验，口吃与双语组（LE/BIL）之间的关联具有显著性；说BIL的儿童比说LE的儿童口吃的可能性更大。LE、BIL和MONO儿童口吃起始的年龄以及男女比例相似（分别为4岁9个月、4岁10个月和4岁3个月，以及4.1:1、4.75:1和4.43:1）。相对于MONO和FB组，双语情况对学业成绩没有影响。通过卡方检验，LE和MONO对照组的总恢复率（55%）显著高于BIL组（25%）。
与LE和MONO儿童相比，BIL儿童口吃的风险增加，且从口吃中恢复的可能性较低。
