Berman Tamar, Hochner-Celnikier Drorit, Calafat Antonia M, Needham Larry L, Amitai Yona, Wormser Uri, Richter Elihu
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
Environ Int. 2009 Feb;35(2):353-7. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.08.010. Epub 2008 Sep 27.
Phthalates can disrupt endocrine function and induce reproductive and developmental toxicity in laboratory animals. Few studies have evaluated exposure to phthalates in pregnant women, despite the potential sensitivity of the developing fetus to adverse effects of phthalates.
We measured urinary concentrations of 11 phthalate metabolites in 19 pregnant women, recruited in Jerusalem, Israel in 2006, and collected questionnaire data on demographic factors and consumer habits from these women. We compared geometric mean concentrations in subgroups and used the Mann-Whitney U-test for independent samples to determine significant differences between groups.
Nine metabolites were detected in at least 95% of the samples: mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, mono(n-butyl) phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and monoisobutyl phthalate. Phthalate metabolite concentrations in these pregnant women were remarkably similar to those in the general United States female population. MBzP geometric mean concentrations were higher in women living in buildings existing 40 years or more (P=0.04). In women who used four or more personal care products (perfume, deodorant, lipstick, nail polish, or hand/face cream) in the 48 h prior to providing the urine sample, geometric mean MEP concentrations were more than 4 times higher than concentrations in women using only two or three of the aforementioned products (P=0.07).
Pregnant women in Jerusalem are exposed to a wide range of phthalates. Building materials used in old constructions may be a source of exposure to benzylbutyl phthalate, the parent compound of MBzP. Personal care products may be sources of exposure to diethyl phthalate, the parent compound of MEP.
邻苯二甲酸盐可干扰内分泌功能，并在实验动物中诱发生殖和发育毒性。尽管发育中的胎儿对邻苯二甲酸盐的不良影响可能较为敏感，但很少有研究评估孕妇接触邻苯二甲酸盐的情况。
我们测量了2006年在以色列耶路撒冷招募的19名孕妇尿液中11种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的浓度，并收集了这些女性的人口统计学因素和消费习惯的问卷数据。我们比较了亚组中的几何平均浓度，并使用独立样本的曼-惠特尼U检验来确定组间的显著差异。
在至少95%的样本中检测到9种代谢物：单（2-乙基-5-羧基戊基）邻苯二甲酸酯、单（2-乙基-5-羟基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯、单（2-乙基-5-氧代己基）邻苯二甲酸酯、单（3-羧基丙基）邻苯二甲酸酯、单（正丁基）邻苯二甲酸酯、单苄基邻苯二甲酸酯（MBzP）、单乙基邻苯二甲酸酯（MEP）、单（2-乙基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯和单异丁基邻苯二甲酸酯。这些孕妇体内邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的浓度与美国普通女性人群的浓度非常相似。居住在已有40年或更久建筑中的女性，其MBzP几何平均浓度较高（P = 0.04）。在提供尿液样本前48小时内使用四种或更多个人护理产品（香水、除臭剂、口红、指甲油或手/面霜）的女性中，MEP几何平均浓度比仅使用上述两种或三种产品的女性高出4倍多（P = 0.07）。
耶路撒冷的孕妇接触多种邻苯二甲酸盐。旧建筑中使用的建筑材料可能是接触MBzP的母体化合物邻苯二甲酸苄丁酯的一个来源。个人护理产品可能是接触MEP的母体化合物邻苯二甲酸二乙酯的来源。
