Darvishmotevalli Mohammad, Bina Bijan, Feizi Awat, Ebrahimpour Karim, Pourzamani Hamidreza, Kelishadi Roya
1Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
2Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non- Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2019 Dec 17;17(2):969-978. doi: 10.1007/s40201-019-00412-8. eCollection 2019 Dec.
Recently, increasing evidences have shown that the exposure to phthalates can adversely affect health status of pregnant women and their newborns. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated the concentrations of these compounds in the body fluids of pregnant women. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the concentrations of phthalate metabolites in urinary samples of pregnant women in correlation with the population characteristics and different lifestyle factors. The study was conducted in 2018-2019 and urinary samples were taken from 121 pregnant women during their first pregnancy trimester who lived in Isfahan, Iran. The concentrations of monobutyl phthalate (MBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), and mono (2-ethyl-5hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) metabolites in urinary samples were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The socio-demographic profile of the participants (maternal education, age, family income, pre-pregnancy BMI), their lifestyle information (smoking habit, food pattern, and physical activity), cleaning products use data (cosmetic and household cleaning products) were collected by the use of PERSIAN birth cohort questionnaire. MBzP, MBP, MEHP, and MEHHP were detected in 100% of participated pregnant women with the mean concentration of 342.5 ± 193.8, 308.5 ± 229.4, 126.5 ± 118.3, and 866.5 ± 307.6 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between the mean concentration of urinary phthalate metabolites with the following variables: using plastic packaging (for bread, lemon juice, pickle, leftover, and water), lower physical activity, passive smoking exposure during pregnancy ( value<0.05). Furthermore, the pre-pregnancy BMI (r = 0.27, r = 0.3, r = 0.26, and r = 0.26), use of the household cleaning products (r = 0.2, r = 0.22, r = 0.3, and r = 0.26), utilize of the cosmetic products (r = 0.46, r = 0.48, r = 0.49, and r = 0.54), and passive smoking status (r = 0.5, r = 0.44, r = 0.44, and r = 0.26) directly correlated with the urinary concentrations of MBP, MBzP, MEHP, and MEHHP, respectively. No significant association was seen between the concentration of urinary phthalate metabolites with the maternal education level and family income. According to our findings, higher amounts of phthalate metabolites were detected in urinary samples of pregnant women who were passive smokers, or had higher pre-pregnancy BMI and lower physical activity, as well as those women who used higher amounts of cosmetic and household cleaning products, or used plastic packaging for food and non-food products.
最近，越来越多的证据表明，接触邻苯二甲酸盐会对孕妇及其新生儿的健康状况产生不利影响。然而，只有少数研究调查了这些化合物在孕妇体液中的浓度。在本研究中，我们旨在评估孕妇尿液样本中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的浓度，并将其与人口特征和不同的生活方式因素相关联。该研究于2018 - 2019年进行，从伊朗伊斯法罕的121名首次怀孕的孕妇孕早期采集尿液样本。通过气相色谱 - 质谱联用仪（GC/MS）测定尿液样本中邻苯二甲酸单丁酯（MBP）、邻苯二甲酸单苄酯（MBzP）、邻苯二甲酸单（2 - 乙基己基）酯（MEHP）和邻苯二甲酸单（2 - 乙基 - 5 - 羟基己基）酯（MEHHP）代谢物的浓度。通过使用波斯出生队列问卷收集参与者的社会人口学特征（母亲教育程度、年龄、家庭收入、孕前体重指数）、他们的生活方式信息（吸烟习惯、饮食模式和体育活动）、清洁产品使用数据（化妆品和家用清洁产品）。在所有参与的孕妇中均检测到MBzP、MBP、MEHP和MEHHP，其平均浓度分别为342.5±193.8、308.5±229.4、126.5±118.3和866.5±307.6μg/g肌酐。观察到尿中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的平均浓度与以下变量之间存在显著相关性：使用塑料包装（用于面包、柠檬汁、泡菜、剩菜和水）、体育活动较少、孕期被动吸烟（P值<0.05）。此外，孕前体重指数（r = 0.27、r = 0.3、r = 0.26和r = 0.26）、家用清洁产品的使用（r = 0.2、r = 0.22、r = 0.3和r = 0.26）、化妆品的使用（r = 0.46、r = 0.48、r = 0.49和r = 0.54）以及被动吸烟状况（r = 0.5、r = 0.44、r = 0.44和r = 0.26）分别与MBP、MBzP、MEHP和MEHHP的尿液浓度直接相关。未观察到尿中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物浓度与母亲教育程度和家庭收入之间存在显著关联。根据我们的研究结果，在被动吸烟者、孕前体重指数较高且体育活动较少的孕妇尿液样本中，以及使用较多化妆品和家用清洁产品或使用食品和非食品塑料包装的女性尿液样本中，检测到的邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物含量较高。
