OPIE E L
J Exp Med. 1948 May 1;87(5):425-44. doi: 10.1084/jem.87.5.425.
The cytoplasm of cells of the liver and of the kidney is in large part occupied by bodies which respond to the water content of these cells and are modified by dissolved substances in the surrounding fluid or by physical change such as freezing. These bodies, in part mitochondria but designated more broadly cytochondria, constitute an osmotic system within the cytoplasm of cells. When the specific gravity of liver or kidney tissue is used as an index of changes in the water content of tissue, swelling of cytochondria in general follows the intake of water but this relation may be modified by a variety of conditions. When liver that has been frozen and thawed is immersed in water, cytochondria become swollen though the containing cells diminish in size. Solutions of sodium and of potassium chloride isotonic with blood plasma cause delayed swelling of cells and cytochondria, greater with the potassium salt; solutions of calcium chloride of equal molar concentration cause immediate swelling of cells and cytochondria. The basophile material of the cytoplasm (ribonucleic acid and related substances) and the material that gives to mitochondria their characteristic stain are removed by immersion in water but their disappearance is retarded by isotonic solutions of sodium or of potassium chloride and further delayed by hypertonic solutions. When the intensity of staining reactions is diminished by the partial loss of basophile substance or of the distinctive mitochondrial material, these are found at the surfaces of the cytoplasmic bodies, held perhaps by adsorption. When water, isotonic solutions of sodium chloride, or Ringer's solution comes into contact with immersed liver, they remove basophile and mitochondrial material from a superficial zone and substances with similar staining reactions appear in the cytoplasm of cells at a deeper level. Osmotic changes in the cytoplasmic bodies may be reversible. When liver tissue which has been for a short time immersed in water is transferred to a solution that is approximately isotonic in relation to blood plasma, swollen cytochondria return in part or completely to their former size; but with continued immersion in water, this reversibility becomes increasingly less complete.
肝脏和肾脏细胞的细胞质在很大程度上被一些小体占据，这些小体对这些细胞的含水量有反应，并会因周围液体中的溶解物质或诸如冷冻等物理变化而发生改变。这些小体，部分是线粒体，但更广泛地被称为细胞粒体，在细胞的细胞质内构成一个渗透系统。当肝脏或肾脏组织的比重被用作组织含水量变化的指标时，一般来说，细胞粒体的肿胀随水分的摄入而发生，但这种关系可能会因多种情况而改变。当经过冷冻和解冻的肝脏浸入水中时，细胞粒体虽然所包含的细胞体积减小，但会肿胀。与血浆等渗的氯化钠和氯化钾溶液会导致细胞和细胞粒体延迟肿胀，钾盐引起的肿胀更明显；等摩尔浓度的氯化钙溶液会导致细胞和细胞粒体立即肿胀。细胞质中的嗜碱性物质（核糖核酸及相关物质）以及赋予线粒体特征性染色的物质会因浸入水中而被去除，但其消失会因氯化钠或氯化钾的等渗溶液而延迟，并因高渗溶液而进一步延迟。当嗜碱性物质或独特的线粒体物质部分损失导致染色反应强度减弱时，这些物质会出现在细胞质小体的表面，可能是通过吸附作用。当水、氯化钠等渗溶液或林格氏溶液与浸入的肝脏接触时，它们会从表层区域去除嗜碱性和线粒体物质，而具有类似染色反应的物质会出现在更深层细胞的细胞质中。细胞质小体中的渗透变化可能是可逆的。当短时间浸入水中的肝脏组织转移到与血浆近似等渗的溶液中时，肿胀的细胞粒体部分或完全恢复到原来的大小；但随着在水中持续浸泡，这种可逆性变得越来越不完全。
