de Ridder Sanne, van der Kooy Frank, Verpoorte Robert
Division of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Dec 8;120(3):302-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.017. Epub 2008 Sep 27.
Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by the protozoan Plasmodium parasites. Each year, it causes disease in approximately 515 million people and kills between one and three million people, the majority of whom are young children in sub-Saharan Africa. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Due to climate change and the gradual warming of the temperate regions the future distribution of the malaria disease might include regions which are today seen as safe. Currently, malaria control requires an integrated approach comprising of mainly prevention, including vector control and the use of effective prophylactic medicines, and treatment of infected patients with antimalarials. The antimalarial chloroquine, which was in the past a mainstay of malaria control, is now ineffective in most malaria areas and resistance to other antimalarials is also increasing rapidly. The discovery and development of artemisinins from Artemisia annua have provided a new class of highly effective antimalarials. ACTs are now generally considered as the best current treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This review gives a short history of the malaria disease, the people forming a high risk group and the botanical aspects of A. annua. Furthermore the review provides an insight in the use of ART and its derivatives for the treatment of malaria. Its mechanism of action and kinetics will be described as well as the possibilities for a self-reliant treatment will be revealed. This self-reliant treatment includes the local production practices of A. annua followed by the possibilities for using traditional prepared teas from A. annua as an effective treatment for malaria. Finally, HMM will be described and the advantages and disadvantages discussed.
疟疾是一种由原生动物疟原虫引起的媒介传播传染病。每年，它导致约5.15亿人患病，造成100万至300万人死亡，其中大多数是撒哈拉以南非洲的幼儿。它在热带和亚热带地区广泛传播，包括美洲、亚洲和非洲的部分地区。由于气候变化和温带地区的逐渐变暖，疟疾未来的分布可能包括如今被视为安全的地区。目前，疟疾控制需要综合方法，主要包括预防，包括病媒控制和使用有效的预防药物，以及用抗疟药治疗感染患者。过去作为疟疾控制主要手段的抗疟药氯喹，如今在大多数疟疾地区已无效，对其他抗疟药的耐药性也在迅速增加。从青蒿中发现和开发的青蒿素提供了一类新型高效抗疟药。青蒿素联合疗法现在通常被认为是治疗无并发症恶性疟原虫疟疾的最佳现有疗法。本综述简要介绍了疟疾的历史、高危人群以及青蒿的植物学方面。此外，该综述还深入探讨了青蒿素及其衍生物在疟疾治疗中的应用。将描述其作用机制和动力学，以及自力更生治疗的可能性。这种自力更生治疗包括青蒿的本地生产方法，以及使用传统制备的青蒿茶作为疟疾有效治疗方法的可能性。最后，将描述隐马尔可夫模型并讨论其优缺点。
