Gabay Odile, Hall David J, Berenbaum Francis, Henrotin Yves, Sanchez Christelle
Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedic Branch, Cartilage Molecular Genetic Group, 50 South Drive, Bldg 50, Room 1314, NIAMS, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Joint Bone Spine. 2008 Dec;75(6):675-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2008.07.011. Epub 2008 Nov 20.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease. Different risk factors have been identified such as aging and obesity and different models have been used to study the impact of obesity and overweight in this pathology. The field the more studied is in vitro cartilage submitted to mechanical stresses. Four different stresses can be applied on this tissue: shear stress, loading, tensile stress (stretching) and hydrostatic pressure. The signal transduction to the chondrocyte and to the nucleus of the cell is a large field of investigation named mechano-transduction. The response of cartilage depends on quality of subchondral bone as well. So, more and more teams are studying the impact of mechanical stresses on bone, mainly by stretching osteoblasts or by submitting them to a fluid shear stress. Recently, a new model of bone compression has been set up, with osteoblasts in their own extracellular matrix. Finally the third field studied is the role of adipokines, mediators playing a key role in obesity, on the aetiology of OA. Adipokines like leptin, resistin, adiponectin and visfatin, seems to play a pro-inflammatory role in arthritis. Studying the role of obesity in OA could be more complex than expected. The link between OA and obesity may not simply be due to high mechanical stresses applied on the tissues, but soluble mediators may play an important role in the onset of OA in obese patients.
骨关节炎（OA）是一种多因素疾病。已确定了不同的风险因素，如衰老和肥胖，并且使用了不同的模型来研究肥胖和超重对这种病理状况的影响。研究最多的领域是体外承受机械应力的软骨。可以对该组织施加四种不同的应力：剪切应力、负荷、拉伸应力（伸展）和静水压力。向软骨细胞和细胞核的信号转导是一个名为机械转导的广泛研究领域。软骨的反应也取决于软骨下骨的质量。因此，越来越多的团队正在研究机械应力对骨骼的影响，主要是通过拉伸成骨细胞或使其承受流体剪切应力。最近，建立了一种新的骨压缩模型，其中成骨细胞处于其自身的细胞外基质中。最后，研究的第三个领域是脂肪因子（在肥胖中起关键作用的介质）在骨关节炎病因学中的作用。瘦素、抵抗素、脂联素和内脂素等脂肪因子似乎在关节炎中起促炎作用。研究肥胖在骨关节炎中的作用可能比预期的更复杂。骨关节炎与肥胖之间的联系可能不仅仅是由于施加在组织上的高机械应力，可溶性介质可能在肥胖患者骨关节炎的发病中起重要作用。
