Vossenaar Marieke, Montenegro-Bethancourt Gabriela, Kuijper Lothar D J, Doak Colleen M, Solomons Noel W
Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
Public Health Nutr. 2009 Sep;12(9):1330-42. doi: 10.1017/S136898000800400X. Epub 2008 Dec 9.
Our objective was to assess the distribution of energy, macro- and micronutrient intakes by meal (breakfast, lunch, dinner and combined snacks) in a cross-sectional sample of schoolchildren.
Cross-sectional dietary survey in schoolchildren.
Twelve private and public schools in the urban setting of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.
A total of 449 schoolchildren (from higher and lower socio-economic strata) were enrolled in the study.
Each child completed a single, pictorial 24 h prospective diary and a face-to-face interview to check completeness and estimate portion sizes. Estimated daily intakes were examined by mealtime as: (i) absolute intakes; (ii) relative nutrient distribution; and (iii) critical micronutrient density (i.e. nutrient density in relation to the WHO Recommended Nutrient Intakes/median age-specific Guatemalan energy requirements).
The daily distribution of energy intake was 24% at breakfast, 30% at lunch, 23% at dinner and 23% among snacks. Lunch was also the leading meal for macronutrients, providing 35% of proteins, 27% of fat and 30% of carbohydrate. The distribution of selected micronutrients did not follow the pattern of energy, insofar as lunch provided relatively more vitamin C and Zn, whereas breakfast led in terms of vitamins A and D, thiamin, riboflavin, folate, Ca and Fe.
Meal-specific distribution of energy, macro- and micronutrients provides a unique and little used perspective for evaluation of children's habitual intake, and may provide guidance to strategies to improve dietary balance in an era of coexisting energy overnutrition and micronutrient inadequacy.
我们的目的是评估危地马拉克萨尔特南戈市城区横断面抽样的学童按餐次（早餐、午餐、晚餐和混合零食）划分的能量、常量营养素和微量营养素摄入量分布情况。
对学童进行横断面饮食调查。
危地马拉克萨尔特南戈市城区的12所私立和公立学校。
共449名学童（来自社会经济地位较高和较低阶层）参与了本研究。
每个孩子完成一份单一的、有图片的24小时前瞻性日记，并接受面对面访谈以检查完整性并估计食物分量。按用餐时间检查估计的每日摄入量，具体如下：（i）绝对摄入量；（ii）相对营养素分布；以及（iii）关键微量营养素密度（即相对于世界卫生组织推荐营养素摄入量/危地马拉特定年龄中位数能量需求的营养素密度）。
能量摄入的每日分布情况为早餐占24%，午餐占30%，晚餐占23%，零食占23%。午餐也是常量营养素的主要餐次，提供35%的蛋白质、27%的脂肪和30%的碳水化合物。所选微量营养素的分布情况与能量分布模式不同，因为午餐提供相对较多的维生素C和锌，而早餐在维生素A和D、硫胺素、核黄素、叶酸、钙和铁方面领先。
按餐次划分的能量、常量营养素和微量营养素分布情况为评估儿童习惯性摄入量提供了一个独特且较少使用的视角，并且可能为在能量摄入过剩和微量营养素不足并存的时代改善饮食平衡的策略提供指导。
