Boerlin Patrick, Reid-Smith Richard J
Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
Anim Health Res Rev. 2008 Dec;9(2):115-26. doi: 10.1017/S146625230800159X.
New concepts have emerged in the past few years that help us to better understand the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These include, among others, the discovery of the mutator state and the concept of mutant selection window for resistances emerging primarily through mutations in existing genes. Our understanding of horizontal gene transfer has also evolved significantly in the past few years, and important new mechanisms of AMR transfer have been discovered, including, among others, integrative conjugative elements and ISCR (insertion sequences with common regions) elements. Simultaneously, large-scale studies have helped us to start comprehending the immense and yet untapped reservoir of both AMR genes and mobile genetic elements present in the environment. Finally, new PCR- and DNA sequencing-based techniques are being developed that will allow us to better understand the epidemiology of classical vectors of AMR genes, such as plasmids, and to monitor them in a more global and systematic way.
在过去几年中出现了一些新的概念，有助于我们更好地理解抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）的产生和传播。其中包括发现了突变体状态以及主要通过现有基因中的突变产生耐药性的突变选择窗概念。在过去几年里，我们对水平基因转移的理解也有了显著进展，并且发现了重要的AMR转移新机制，其中包括整合接合元件和ISCR（具有共同区域的插入序列）元件。同时，大规模研究帮助我们开始认识到环境中存在的AMR基因和可移动遗传元件的巨大且尚未开发的储备库。最后，基于PCR和DNA测序的新技术正在开发中，这将使我们能够更好地理解AMR基因经典载体（如质粒）的流行病学，并以更全面和系统的方式对其进行监测。
