White Philip J, Broadley Martin R
The Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
New Phytol. 2009;182(1):49-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02738.x. Epub 2009 Jan 13.
The diets of over two-thirds of the world's population lack one or more essential mineral elements. This can be remedied through dietary diversification, mineral supplementation, food fortification, or increasing the concentrations and/or bioavailability of mineral elements in produce (biofortification). This article reviews aspects of soil science, plant physiology and genetics underpinning crop biofortification strategies, as well as agronomic and genetic approaches currently taken to biofortify food crops with the mineral elements most commonly lacking in human diets: iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iodine (I) and selenium (Se). Two complementary approaches have been successfully adopted to increase the concentrations of bioavailable mineral elements in food crops. First, agronomic approaches optimizing the application of mineral fertilizers and/or improving the solubilization and mobilization of mineral elements in the soil have been implemented. Secondly, crops have been developed with: increased abilities to acquire mineral elements and accumulate them in edible tissues; increased concentrations of 'promoter' substances, such as ascorbate, beta-carotene and cysteine-rich polypeptides which stimulate the absorption of essential mineral elements by the gut; and reduced concentrations of 'antinutrients', such as oxalate, polyphenolics or phytate, which interfere with their absorption. These approaches are addressing mineral malnutrition in humans globally.
世界上超过三分之二的人口饮食中缺乏一种或多种必需矿物质元素。这可以通过饮食多样化、矿物质补充、食品强化或提高农产品中矿物质元素的浓度和/或生物利用率（生物强化）来补救。本文综述了支撑作物生物强化策略的土壤科学、植物生理学和遗传学方面的内容，以及目前用于用人类饮食中最常缺乏的矿物质元素（铁（Fe）、锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、碘（I）和硒（Se））对粮食作物进行生物强化的农艺和遗传方法。已经成功采用了两种互补方法来提高粮食作物中生物可利用矿物质元素的浓度。首先，实施了优化矿物肥料施用和/或改善土壤中矿物质元素溶解和移动的农艺方法。其次，培育出了具有以下特性的作物：获取矿物质元素并将其积累在可食用组织中的能力增强；“促进剂”物质（如抗坏血酸、β-胡萝卜素和富含半胱氨酸的多肽）的浓度增加，这些物质可刺激肠道对必需矿物质元素的吸收；以及“抗营养因子”（如草酸盐、多酚或植酸盐）的浓度降低，这些物质会干扰矿物质元素的吸收。这些方法正在解决全球人类的矿物质营养不良问题。
