Sorvari Jaana, Antikainen Riina, Kosola Marja-Leena, Hokkanen Pekka, Haavisto Teija
Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
J Environ Manage. 2009 Apr;90(5):1715-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.002. Epub 2009 Feb 6.
In Finland the number of potentially contaminated sites totals ca. 20 000. The annual costs of remediation are 60-70 million euros. Excavation combined with disposal or off-site treatment is the most common soil remediation method. To define which factors make contaminated land management (CLM) eco-efficient and to study whether eco-efficiency has been considered in CLM decisions we carried out a literature survey, two stakeholder seminars, thematic interviews and a questionnaire study on economic instruments. Generally speaking, eco-efficiency means gaining environmental benefits with fewer resources. To assess its realization in CLM, it is necessary to have a more specific definition. In our study, we arrived at a list of several qualifications for eco-efficiency. It was also shown that eco-efficiency has hardly been a real issue in the selection of remediation techniques or generally, in the decision-making concerning contaminated sites. The existing policy instruments seem to be insufficient to promote eco-efficiency in CLM. Several concrete barriers to eco-efficiency also came up, urgency and lack of money being the most important. The scarcity of the use of in situ remediation methods and the difficulties involved in recycling slightly contaminated or treated soil were considered to be major problems. Insufficient site studies, inadequate or unsuitable methods for risk assessment and cost evaluation, and deficient and mistimed risk communication can also hinder the realization of eco-efficiency. Hence, there is a need to promote the use of more eco-efficient remediation techniques and to develop CLM policy instruments, guidelines, and participatory processes and methods to assess the eco-efficiency of CLM options.
在芬兰，潜在受污染场地的总数约为20000个。每年的修复成本为6000万至7000万欧元。挖掘并结合处置或异地处理是最常见的土壤修复方法。为了确定哪些因素使污染土地管理（CLM）具有生态效率，并研究在CLM决策中是否考虑了生态效率，我们开展了一项文献调查、两次利益相关者研讨会、专题访谈以及一项关于经济手段的问卷调查。一般来说，生态效率意味着用更少的资源获得环境效益。为了评估其在CLM中的实现情况，有必要给出一个更具体的定义。在我们的研究中，我们得出了一系列关于生态效率的限定条件。研究还表明，在修复技术的选择中，或者总体而言，在有关污染场地的决策中，生态效率几乎从未成为一个实际问题。现有的政策手段似乎不足以促进CLM中的生态效率。还出现了一些阻碍生态效率的具体障碍，其中紧迫性和资金短缺是最重要的。原位修复方法使用的稀缺性以及回收轻度污染或已处理土壤所涉及的困难被认为是主要问题。场地研究不足、风险评估和成本评估方法不充分或不合适，以及风险沟通不足和时机不当，也会阻碍生态效率的实现。因此，有必要推广使用更具生态效率的修复技术，并制定CLM政策手段、指南以及参与性流程和方法，以评估CLM选项的生态效率。
