Pereira Joana L, Antunes Sara C, Castro Bruno B, Marques Catarina R, Gonçalves Ana M M, Gonçalves Fernando, Pereira Ruth
CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.
Ecotoxicology. 2009 May;18(4):455-63. doi: 10.1007/s10646-009-0300-y. Epub 2009 Feb 10.
The Ecological Risk Assessment of pesticides requires data regarding their toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial non-target species. Such requirements concern active ingredient(s), generally not considering the noxious potential of commercial formulations. This work intends to contribute with novel information on the effects of short-term exposures to two herbicides, with different modes of action (Spasor, Stam Novel Flo 480), and an insecticide (Lannate), as well as to corresponding active ingredients (Glyphosate, Propanil and Methomyl, respectively). The microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (growth inhibition), the cladoceran Daphnia magna (immobilisation), and the earthworm Eisenia andrei (avoidance behaviour) were used as test species. Both herbicides were innocuous to all test organisms at environmentally realistic concentrations, except for Stam and Propanil (highly toxic for Pseudokirchneriella; moderately toxic to Daphnia). Lannate and Methomyl were highly toxic to Daphnia and caused Eisenia to significantly avoid the spiked soil at realistic application rates. The toxicity of formulations either overestimated (e.g. Stam/Propanil for P. subcapitata) or underestimated (e.g. Stam/Propanil for D. magna) that of the active ingredient.
农药的生态风险评估需要有关其对水生和陆生非目标物种毒性的数据。此类要求涉及活性成分，通常不考虑商业制剂的有害潜力。本研究旨在提供关于短期接触两种作用方式不同的除草剂（斯帕索尔、斯塔姆新型悬浮剂480）和一种杀虫剂（万灵）以及相应活性成分（分别为草甘膦、敌稗和灭多威）影响的新信息。微藻小新月菱形藻（生长抑制）、枝角类大型溞（固定）和蚯蚓安德爱胜蚓（回避行为）被用作测试物种。除了斯塔姆和敌稗（对小新月菱形藻剧毒；对大型溞中等毒性）外，两种除草剂在环境现实浓度下对所有测试生物均无毒。万灵和灭多威对大型溞剧毒，并导致安德爱胜蚓在实际施用量下显著回避加药土壤。制剂的毒性要么高估（例如，斯塔姆/敌稗对小新月菱形藻），要么低估（例如，斯塔姆/敌稗对大型溞）活性成分的毒性。
