Nemes Zsuzsanna
Baranya Megyei Kórház Infektológiai Osztály Pécs Rákóczi út 2. 7623, Hungary.
Orv Hetil. 2009 Feb 22;150(8):353-61. doi: 10.1556/OH.2009.28549.
Gastroenteritis is a nonspecific term for various pathologic states of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenteritis causing pathogens are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the developed countries diarrhea is the most common reason for missing work, while in the developing world, it is a leading cause of death. Internationally, the mortality rate is 5-10 million deaths each year. "Traveller's diarrhea" is a polyetiologic common health problem of international travellers which affects travellers generally for days, but it can result in chronic postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome as well. Infectious agents usually cause acute gastroenteritis either by adherence of the intestinal mucosa, or by mucosal invasion, enterotoxin production, and/or cytotoxin production. The incubation period can often suggest the cause of etiology. When symptoms occur within 6 hours of eating, ingestion of preformed toxin of S. aureus or Bacillus cereus should be suspected. The incidence of hypervirulent C. difficile associated colitis is an emerging problem as a healthcare system associated infection. While infectious agents do not commonly cause chronic diarrhea, those that do include C. difficile, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, Aeromonas and Yersinia . Amoebiasis is the second to malaria as a protozoal cause of death. Infection with HIV is also a common cause of diarrhea.
肠胃炎是一个用于描述胃肠道各种病理状态的非特异性术语。引起肠胃炎的病原体是全球发病率和死亡率的第二大原因。在发达国家，腹泻是旷工的最常见原因，而在发展中国家，腹泻是主要死因之一。在国际上，每年的死亡率为500万至1000万例。“旅行者腹泻”是国际旅行者常见的多病因健康问题，通常会影响旅行者数天，但也可能导致慢性感染后肠易激综合征。感染因子通常通过粘附于肠粘膜、或通过粘膜侵袭、产生肠毒素和/或细胞毒素来引起急性肠胃炎。潜伏期通常可以提示病因。如果在进食后6小时内出现症状，应怀疑摄入了金黄色葡萄球菌或蜡样芽孢杆菌的预先形成的毒素。高毒力艰难梭菌相关性结肠炎的发病率作为一种与医疗系统相关的感染正成为一个新出现的问题。虽然感染因子通常不会引起慢性腹泻，但确实会引起慢性腹泻的包括艰难梭菌、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫、溶组织内阿米巴、隐孢子虫、气单胞菌和耶尔森菌。阿米巴病是仅次于疟疾的原生动物致死原因。感染艾滋病毒也是腹泻的常见原因。
