Ford Paul, Hodges Nicola J, Mark Williams A
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
Motor Control. 2009 Jan;13(1):1-24. doi: 10.1123/mcj.13.1.1.
There is evidence that actions are planned by anticipation of their external effects, with the strength of this effect being dependent on the amount of prior practice. In Experiment 1, skilled soccer players performed a kicking task under four conditions: planning in terms of an external action effect (i.e., ball trajectory) or in terms of body movements, either with or without visual error feedback. When feedback was withheld, a ball focus resulted in more accurate outcomes than a body focus. When visual feedback was allowed, there was no difference between these two conditions. In Experiment 2, both skilled and novice soccer players were tested with the addition of a control condition and in the absence of visual feedback. For both groups there was evidence that a ball focus was more beneficial for performance than a body focus, particularly in terms of movement kinematics where correlations across the joints were generally higher for body rather than ball planning. Most skilled participants reported that ball planning felt more normal than body planning. These experiments provide some evidence that actions are planned in terms of their external action effects, supporting the common-coding hypothesis of action planning.
有证据表明，行动是通过预期其外部效果来规划的，这种效果的强度取决于先前练习的量。在实验1中，熟练的足球运动员在四种条件下执行踢球任务：根据外部行动效果（即球的轨迹）或身体动作进行规划，有无视觉误差反馈。当不提供反馈时，关注球比关注身体能产生更准确的结果。当允许视觉反馈时，这两种条件之间没有差异。在实验2中，熟练和新手足球运动员都在增加了一个控制条件且没有视觉反馈的情况下进行测试。对于两组运动员，都有证据表明，关注球比关注身体对表现更有益，特别是在运动运动学方面，身体规划时关节间的相关性通常高于球的规划。大多数熟练的参与者报告说，球的规划比身体的规划感觉更自然。这些实验提供了一些证据，表明行动是根据其外部行动效果来规划的，支持了行动规划的共同编码假说。
