Sharma Umakant, Singh Sarman
Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
J Vector Borne Dis. 2008 Dec;45(4):255-72.
Leishmaniasis is a deadly vector-borne disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Mediterranean regions. The causative agent of leishmaniasis is transmitted from man to man by a tiny insect called sandfly. Approximately, 600 species of sandflies are known but only 10% of these act as disease vectors. Further, only 30 species of these are important from public health point. Fauna of Indian sub-zone is represented by 46 species, of these, 11 belong to Phlebotomine species and 35 to Sergentomyia species. Phlebotomus argentipes is the proven vector of kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis in India. This review gives an insight into the insect vectors of human leishmaniasis, their geographical distribution, recent taxonomic classification, habitat, and different control measures including indoor residual spraying (IRS), insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs), environmental management, biological control, and emerging resistance to DDT. Role of satellite remote sensing for early prediction of the disease by identifying the sandflygenic conditions cannot be undermined. The article also underlines the importance of synthetic pheromones which can be used in near future for the control of these vectors.
利什曼病是一种致命的媒介传播疾病，在非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲和地中海地区导致了严重的发病和死亡情况。利什曼病的病原体通过一种名为白蛉的微小昆虫在人与人之间传播。已知大约有600种白蛉，但其中只有10%充当疾病媒介。此外，从公共卫生角度来看，其中只有30种是重要的。印度次区域的动物群由46种白蛉代表，其中11种属于白蛉属，35种属于司蛉属。银足白蛉是印度黑热病或内脏利什曼病的已证实媒介。这篇综述深入探讨了人类利什曼病的昆虫媒介、它们的地理分布、最近的分类学分类、栖息地以及不同的控制措施，包括室内滞留喷洒（IRS）、经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐（ITNs）、环境管理、生物控制以及对滴滴涕的新出现抗性。通过识别利于白蛉滋生的条件，利用卫星遥感进行疾病早期预测的作用不可忽视。文章还强调了合成信息素的重要性，其在不久的将来可用于控制这些媒介。
