Alexander B, Maroli M
Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK.
Med Vet Entomol. 2003 Mar;17(1):1-18. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00420.x.
Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) transmit many zoonotic diseases (arboviruses, bartonelloses and especially leishmaniases) of importance to human health in at least 80 countries. Measures used to control adult sandflies (Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus) include the use of insecticides (mostly pyrethroids) for residual spraying of dwellings and animal shelters, space-spraying, insecticide-treated nets, impregnated dog-collars and personal protection through application of repellents/insecticides to skin or fabrics. Because the breeding-sites of sandflies are generally unknown, control measures that act specifically against immatures are not feasible, although the effectiveness of a few biological and chemical agents has been demonstrated in laboratory evaluations. Reports of insecticide-resistance refer to only three sandfly species (P. papatasi, P. argentipes and S. shorttii) against DDT in one country (India), although there are reports of DDT-tolerance in several countries. Current knowledge of sandfly susceptibility to various insecticides is summarized. Constraints and advantages of different compounds, formulations and delivery methods for sandfly control under different environmental conditions are discussed.
白蛉（双翅目：毛蠓科）在至少80个国家传播许多对人类健康至关重要的人畜共患病（虫媒病毒、巴尔通体病，尤其是利什曼病）。用于控制成年白蛉（罗蛉属和白蛉属）的措施包括使用杀虫剂（主要是拟除虫菊酯）对住宅和动物庇护所进行残留喷洒、空间喷洒、经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐、浸渍狗项圈以及通过在皮肤或织物上涂抹驱避剂/杀虫剂进行个人防护。由于白蛉的繁殖地通常未知，尽管在实验室评估中已证明少数生物和化学制剂有效，但针对未成熟白蛉的专门控制措施并不可行。关于杀虫剂抗性的报告仅涉及一个国家（印度）的三种白蛉（巴氏白蛉、银足白蛉和硕大白蛉）对滴滴涕的抗性，不过在几个国家有关于滴滴涕耐受性的报告。总结了目前对白蛉对各种杀虫剂敏感性的认识。讨论了在不同环境条件下用于控制白蛉的不同化合物、制剂和给药方法的限制和优势。
